Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk

Background It is known that human milk fortifiers (HMF) increases osmolality of human milk (HM) but some aspects of fortification have not been deeply investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h o...
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Autor*in:	Elia, Serena [verfasserIn] Ciarcià, Martina Cini, Nicoletta Luceri, Francesca Mattei, Mauro Leucio Miselli, Francesca Perugi, Silvia Fanelli, Alessandra Dani, Carlo

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	Human milk Fortification Osmolality Medium-chain triglycerides

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s) 2023

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: The Italian journal of pediatrics - London : BioMed Central, 2008, 49(2023), 1 vom: 14. Juni
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:49 ; year:2023 ; number:1 ; day:14 ; month:06

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2

Katalog-ID:	SPR05190070X

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520			\|a Background It is known that human milk fortifiers (HMF) increases osmolality of human milk (HM) but some aspects of fortification have not been deeply investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. Supplementation with MCT of FHM does not change osmolality suggesting that increasing energy intake in preterm infants via this approach is safe.
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allfields	10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2 doi (DE-627)SPR05190070X (SPR)s13052-023-01463-2-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Elia, Serena verfasserin aut Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background It is known that human milk fortifiers (HMF) increases osmolality of human milk (HM) but some aspects of fortification have not been deeply investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. Supplementation with MCT of FHM does not change osmolality suggesting that increasing energy intake in preterm infants via this approach is safe. Human milk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fortification (dpeaa)DE-He213 Osmolality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Medium-chain triglycerides (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ciarcià, Martina aut Cini, Nicoletta aut Luceri, Francesca aut Mattei, Mauro Leucio aut Miselli, Francesca aut Perugi, Silvia aut Fanelli, Alessandra aut Dani, Carlo (orcid)0000-0002-1639-621X aut Enthalten in The Italian journal of pediatrics London : BioMed Central, 2008 49(2023), 1 vom: 14. Juni (DE-627)352108029 (DE-600)2084688-5 1824-7288 nnns volume:49 year:2023 number:1 day:14 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 49 2023 1 14 06
spelling	10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2 doi (DE-627)SPR05190070X (SPR)s13052-023-01463-2-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Elia, Serena verfasserin aut Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background It is known that human milk fortifiers (HMF) increases osmolality of human milk (HM) but some aspects of fortification have not been deeply investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. Supplementation with MCT of FHM does not change osmolality suggesting that increasing energy intake in preterm infants via this approach is safe. Human milk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fortification (dpeaa)DE-He213 Osmolality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Medium-chain triglycerides (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ciarcià, Martina aut Cini, Nicoletta aut Luceri, Francesca aut Mattei, Mauro Leucio aut Miselli, Francesca aut Perugi, Silvia aut Fanelli, Alessandra aut Dani, Carlo (orcid)0000-0002-1639-621X aut Enthalten in The Italian journal of pediatrics London : BioMed Central, 2008 49(2023), 1 vom: 14. Juni (DE-627)352108029 (DE-600)2084688-5 1824-7288 nnns volume:49 year:2023 number:1 day:14 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 49 2023 1 14 06
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2 doi (DE-627)SPR05190070X (SPR)s13052-023-01463-2-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Elia, Serena verfasserin aut Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background It is known that human milk fortifiers (HMF) increases osmolality of human milk (HM) but some aspects of fortification have not been deeply investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. Supplementation with MCT of FHM does not change osmolality suggesting that increasing energy intake in preterm infants via this approach is safe. Human milk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fortification (dpeaa)DE-He213 Osmolality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Medium-chain triglycerides (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ciarcià, Martina aut Cini, Nicoletta aut Luceri, Francesca aut Mattei, Mauro Leucio aut Miselli, Francesca aut Perugi, Silvia aut Fanelli, Alessandra aut Dani, Carlo (orcid)0000-0002-1639-621X aut Enthalten in The Italian journal of pediatrics London : BioMed Central, 2008 49(2023), 1 vom: 14. Juni (DE-627)352108029 (DE-600)2084688-5 1824-7288 nnns volume:49 year:2023 number:1 day:14 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 49 2023 1 14 06
allfieldsGer	10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2 doi (DE-627)SPR05190070X (SPR)s13052-023-01463-2-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Elia, Serena verfasserin aut Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background It is known that human milk fortifiers (HMF) increases osmolality of human milk (HM) but some aspects of fortification have not been deeply investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. Supplementation with MCT of FHM does not change osmolality suggesting that increasing energy intake in preterm infants via this approach is safe. Human milk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fortification (dpeaa)DE-He213 Osmolality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Medium-chain triglycerides (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ciarcià, Martina aut Cini, Nicoletta aut Luceri, Francesca aut Mattei, Mauro Leucio aut Miselli, Francesca aut Perugi, Silvia aut Fanelli, Alessandra aut Dani, Carlo (orcid)0000-0002-1639-621X aut Enthalten in The Italian journal of pediatrics London : BioMed Central, 2008 49(2023), 1 vom: 14. Juni (DE-627)352108029 (DE-600)2084688-5 1824-7288 nnns volume:49 year:2023 number:1 day:14 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 49 2023 1 14 06
allfieldsSound	10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2 doi (DE-627)SPR05190070X (SPR)s13052-023-01463-2-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Elia, Serena verfasserin aut Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background It is known that human milk fortifiers (HMF) increases osmolality of human milk (HM) but some aspects of fortification have not been deeply investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. Supplementation with MCT of FHM does not change osmolality suggesting that increasing energy intake in preterm infants via this approach is safe. Human milk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fortification (dpeaa)DE-He213 Osmolality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Medium-chain triglycerides (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ciarcià, Martina aut Cini, Nicoletta aut Luceri, Francesca aut Mattei, Mauro Leucio aut Miselli, Francesca aut Perugi, Silvia aut Fanelli, Alessandra aut Dani, Carlo (orcid)0000-0002-1639-621X aut Enthalten in The Italian journal of pediatrics London : BioMed Central, 2008 49(2023), 1 vom: 14. Juni (DE-627)352108029 (DE-600)2084688-5 1824-7288 nnns volume:49 year:2023 number:1 day:14 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-023-01463-2 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 49 2023 1 14 06
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source	Enthalten in The Italian journal of pediatrics 49(2023), 1 vom: 14. Juni volume:49 year:2023 number:1 day:14 month:06
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Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. 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spellingShingle	Elia, Serena misc Human milk misc Fortification misc Osmolality misc Medium-chain triglycerides Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk
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topic_title	Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk Human milk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fortification (dpeaa)DE-He213 Osmolality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Medium-chain triglycerides (dpeaa)DE-He213
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title	Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk
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title_full	Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk
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author_browse	Elia, Serena Ciarcià, Martina Cini, Nicoletta Luceri, Francesca Mattei, Mauro Leucio Miselli, Francesca Perugi, Silvia Fanelli, Alessandra Dani, Carlo
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title_sort	effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk
title_auth	Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk
abstract	Background It is known that human milk fortifiers (HMF) increases osmolality of human milk (HM) but some aspects of fortification have not been deeply investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. Supplementation with MCT of FHM does not change osmolality suggesting that increasing energy intake in preterm infants via this approach is safe. © The Author(s) 2023
abstractGer	Background It is known that human milk fortifiers (HMF) increases osmolality of human milk (HM) but some aspects of fortification have not been deeply investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. Supplementation with MCT of FHM does not change osmolality suggesting that increasing energy intake in preterm infants via this approach is safe. © The Author(s) 2023
abstract_unstemmed	Background It is known that human milk fortifiers (HMF) increases osmolality of human milk (HM) but some aspects of fortification have not been deeply investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. Supplementation with MCT of FHM does not change osmolality suggesting that increasing energy intake in preterm infants via this approach is safe. © The Author(s) 2023
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title_short	Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk
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author2	Ciarcià, Martina Cini, Nicoletta Luceri, Francesca Mattei, Mauro Leucio Miselli, Francesca Perugi, Silvia Fanelli, Alessandra Dani, Carlo
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Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fortification on the osmolality of donor human milk (DHM) and mother’s own milk (MOM) over 72 h of storage using two commercial fortifiers and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. Methods Pasteurized DHM and unpasteurized preterm MOM were fortified with 4% PreNAN FM85, 4% PreNAN FM85 plus 2% MCT, or 4% Aptamil BMF. Osmolality was measured in unfortified DHM and MOM and, moreover, just after fortification ($ T_{0} $), and after 6 ($ T_{6} $), 24 ($ T_{24} $) and 72 h ($ T_{72} $) to determine the effect of mixing and storage. Results Unfortified DHM and MOM did not show changes of osmolality. Fortification increased osmolality of DHM and MOM without changes during the study period, except for Aptamil BMF which increased osmolality of MOM. The addition of MCT to fortified human milk (FHM) did not affect its osmolality. Conclusions Changes of osmolality in the 72 h following fortification of both DHM and MOM did not exceed the safety values supporting the theoretically possibility of preparing 72 h volumes of FHM. 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Effect of fortification on the osmolality of human milk

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