Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial
Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slu...
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Numata, Urara [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2023 |
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| Anmerkung: |
© The Author(s) 2023 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Journal of physiological anthropology - Kawaguchi : J-STAGE, 2006, 42(2023), 1 vom: 29. Juni |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:42 ; year:2023 ; number:1 ; day:29 ; month:06 |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
SPR052099571 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial |
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| 520 | |a Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. Methods In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [− 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). Results Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. Conclusions Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Ball velocity |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Body cooling |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Body temperature |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Heat |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Muscle strength |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pitching accuracy |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pre-cooling |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Yanaoka, Takuma |0 (orcid)0000-0002-7063-010X |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kurosaka, Shiho |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hasegawa, Hiroshi |4 aut | |
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10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 doi (DE-627)SPR052099571 (SPR)s40101-023-00329-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Numata, Urara verfasserin aut Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. Methods In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [− 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). Results Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. Conclusions Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion. Ball velocity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body temperature (dpeaa)DE-He213 Heat (dpeaa)DE-He213 Muscle strength (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pitching accuracy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pre-cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Yanaoka, Takuma (orcid)0000-0002-7063-010X aut Kurosaka, Shiho aut Hasegawa, Hiroshi aut Enthalten in Journal of physiological anthropology Kawaguchi : J-STAGE, 2006 42(2023), 1 vom: 29. Juni (DE-627)516802429 (DE-600)2248082-1 1880-6805 nnns volume:42 year:2023 number:1 day:29 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 42 2023 1 29 06 |
| spelling |
10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 doi (DE-627)SPR052099571 (SPR)s40101-023-00329-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Numata, Urara verfasserin aut Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. Methods In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [− 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). Results Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. Conclusions Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion. Ball velocity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body temperature (dpeaa)DE-He213 Heat (dpeaa)DE-He213 Muscle strength (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pitching accuracy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pre-cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Yanaoka, Takuma (orcid)0000-0002-7063-010X aut Kurosaka, Shiho aut Hasegawa, Hiroshi aut Enthalten in Journal of physiological anthropology Kawaguchi : J-STAGE, 2006 42(2023), 1 vom: 29. Juni (DE-627)516802429 (DE-600)2248082-1 1880-6805 nnns volume:42 year:2023 number:1 day:29 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 42 2023 1 29 06 |
| allfields_unstemmed |
10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 doi (DE-627)SPR052099571 (SPR)s40101-023-00329-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Numata, Urara verfasserin aut Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. Methods In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [− 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). Results Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. Conclusions Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion. Ball velocity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body temperature (dpeaa)DE-He213 Heat (dpeaa)DE-He213 Muscle strength (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pitching accuracy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pre-cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Yanaoka, Takuma (orcid)0000-0002-7063-010X aut Kurosaka, Shiho aut Hasegawa, Hiroshi aut Enthalten in Journal of physiological anthropology Kawaguchi : J-STAGE, 2006 42(2023), 1 vom: 29. Juni (DE-627)516802429 (DE-600)2248082-1 1880-6805 nnns volume:42 year:2023 number:1 day:29 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 42 2023 1 29 06 |
| allfieldsGer |
10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 doi (DE-627)SPR052099571 (SPR)s40101-023-00329-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Numata, Urara verfasserin aut Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. Methods In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [− 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). Results Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. Conclusions Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion. Ball velocity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body temperature (dpeaa)DE-He213 Heat (dpeaa)DE-He213 Muscle strength (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pitching accuracy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pre-cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Yanaoka, Takuma (orcid)0000-0002-7063-010X aut Kurosaka, Shiho aut Hasegawa, Hiroshi aut Enthalten in Journal of physiological anthropology Kawaguchi : J-STAGE, 2006 42(2023), 1 vom: 29. Juni (DE-627)516802429 (DE-600)2248082-1 1880-6805 nnns volume:42 year:2023 number:1 day:29 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 42 2023 1 29 06 |
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10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 doi (DE-627)SPR052099571 (SPR)s40101-023-00329-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Numata, Urara verfasserin aut Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. Methods In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [− 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). Results Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. Conclusions Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion. Ball velocity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body temperature (dpeaa)DE-He213 Heat (dpeaa)DE-He213 Muscle strength (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pitching accuracy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pre-cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Yanaoka, Takuma (orcid)0000-0002-7063-010X aut Kurosaka, Shiho aut Hasegawa, Hiroshi aut Enthalten in Journal of physiological anthropology Kawaguchi : J-STAGE, 2006 42(2023), 1 vom: 29. Juni (DE-627)516802429 (DE-600)2248082-1 1880-6805 nnns volume:42 year:2023 number:1 day:29 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 42 2023 1 29 06 |
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Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial Ball velocity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 Body temperature (dpeaa)DE-He213 Heat (dpeaa)DE-He213 Muscle strength (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pitching accuracy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pre-cooling (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial |
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Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial |
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Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. Methods In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [− 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). Results Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. Conclusions Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion. © The Author(s) 2023 |
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Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. Methods In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [− 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). Results Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. Conclusions Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion. © The Author(s) 2023 |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. Methods In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·$ kg^{−1} $ of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [− 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). Results Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. Conclusions Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion. © The Author(s) 2023 |
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Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial |
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Yanaoka, Takuma Kurosaka, Shiho Hasegawa, Hiroshi |
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