Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players

Background The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool developed to detect endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of persistent low energy availability (LEA) and the female athlete triad (Triad). This study investigated the applicability of the L...
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Autor*in:	Dasa, Marcus S. [verfasserIn] Friborg, Oddgeir Kristoffersen, Morten Pettersen, Gunn Sagen, Jørn V. Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn Rosenvinge, Jan H.

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	Low energy availability Football Soccer Female Relative energy deficiency in sports Female athlete triad Athlete health

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s) 2023

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Sports medicine - open - Berlin [u.a.] : Springer, 2015, 9(2023), 1 vom: 13. Juli
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:9 ; year:2023 ; number:1 ; day:13 ; month:07

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4

Katalog-ID:	SPR052246353

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520			\|a Background The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool developed to detect endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of persistent low energy availability (LEA) and the female athlete triad (Triad). This study investigated the applicability of the LEAF-Q in a cohort of sixty professional female football players. Methods The participants were classified as at risk (≥ 8) or not at risk (< 8) for persistent LEA and the Triad according to their LEAF-Q score, before being compared. Receiver operating curves were then conducted to examine the ability of the overall LEAF-Q and subcategories to correctly determine the presence of clinically defined markers of the Triad. Additionally, Youden’s index was calculated to determine the best fitting cut-off values. Results Thirty-two percent of participants were classified as at risk by the LEAF-Q. We found no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any markers associated with persistent LEA. Except for acceptable accuracy in determining menstrual status, all other LEAF-Q components exhibited poor accuracy and predictive values. Youden’s index scores imply that increasing the overall and injury cut-off values to ≥ 10 and ≥ 5 respectively, would yield increased performance. Conclusions Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting LEA and Triad conditions among female football players.
520			\|a Key points The LEAF-Q is a screening tool developed to identify female endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of low energy availability and the female athlete triad. The questionnaire has been used in a wide range of athlete populations, including female football players, without sufficient knowledge about its applicability.The prevalence of acute and impact injuries in football, compared to endurance sports and dancing, may introduce substantial bias, leading to artificially inflated scores on the questionnaire.Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting symptoms of the female athlete triad and LEA among female football players.
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allfields	10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4 doi (DE-627)SPR052246353 (SPR)s40798-023-00605-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Dasa, Marcus S. verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-0081-7753 aut Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool developed to detect endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of persistent low energy availability (LEA) and the female athlete triad (Triad). This study investigated the applicability of the LEAF-Q in a cohort of sixty professional female football players. Methods The participants were classified as at risk (≥ 8) or not at risk (< 8) for persistent LEA and the Triad according to their LEAF-Q score, before being compared. Receiver operating curves were then conducted to examine the ability of the overall LEAF-Q and subcategories to correctly determine the presence of clinically defined markers of the Triad. Additionally, Youden’s index was calculated to determine the best fitting cut-off values. Results Thirty-two percent of participants were classified as at risk by the LEAF-Q. We found no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any markers associated with persistent LEA. Except for acceptable accuracy in determining menstrual status, all other LEAF-Q components exhibited poor accuracy and predictive values. Youden’s index scores imply that increasing the overall and injury cut-off values to ≥ 10 and ≥ 5 respectively, would yield increased performance. Conclusions Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting LEA and Triad conditions among female football players. Key points The LEAF-Q is a screening tool developed to identify female endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of low energy availability and the female athlete triad. The questionnaire has been used in a wide range of athlete populations, including female football players, without sufficient knowledge about its applicability.The prevalence of acute and impact injuries in football, compared to endurance sports and dancing, may introduce substantial bias, leading to artificially inflated scores on the questionnaire.Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting symptoms of the female athlete triad and LEA among female football players. Low energy availability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Football (dpeaa)DE-He213 Soccer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female (dpeaa)DE-He213 Relative energy deficiency in sports (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female athlete triad (dpeaa)DE-He213 Athlete health (dpeaa)DE-He213 Friborg, Oddgeir aut Kristoffersen, Morten aut Pettersen, Gunn aut Sagen, Jørn V. aut Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn aut Rosenvinge, Jan H. aut Enthalten in Sports medicine - open Berlin [u.a.] : Springer, 2015 9(2023), 1 vom: 13. Juli (DE-627)818042605 (DE-600)2809942-4 2198-9761 nnns volume:9 year:2023 number:1 day:13 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2023 1 13 07
spelling	10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4 doi (DE-627)SPR052246353 (SPR)s40798-023-00605-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Dasa, Marcus S. verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-0081-7753 aut Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool developed to detect endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of persistent low energy availability (LEA) and the female athlete triad (Triad). This study investigated the applicability of the LEAF-Q in a cohort of sixty professional female football players. Methods The participants were classified as at risk (≥ 8) or not at risk (< 8) for persistent LEA and the Triad according to their LEAF-Q score, before being compared. Receiver operating curves were then conducted to examine the ability of the overall LEAF-Q and subcategories to correctly determine the presence of clinically defined markers of the Triad. Additionally, Youden’s index was calculated to determine the best fitting cut-off values. Results Thirty-two percent of participants were classified as at risk by the LEAF-Q. We found no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any markers associated with persistent LEA. Except for acceptable accuracy in determining menstrual status, all other LEAF-Q components exhibited poor accuracy and predictive values. Youden’s index scores imply that increasing the overall and injury cut-off values to ≥ 10 and ≥ 5 respectively, would yield increased performance. Conclusions Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting LEA and Triad conditions among female football players. Key points The LEAF-Q is a screening tool developed to identify female endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of low energy availability and the female athlete triad. The questionnaire has been used in a wide range of athlete populations, including female football players, without sufficient knowledge about its applicability.The prevalence of acute and impact injuries in football, compared to endurance sports and dancing, may introduce substantial bias, leading to artificially inflated scores on the questionnaire.Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting symptoms of the female athlete triad and LEA among female football players. Low energy availability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Football (dpeaa)DE-He213 Soccer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female (dpeaa)DE-He213 Relative energy deficiency in sports (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female athlete triad (dpeaa)DE-He213 Athlete health (dpeaa)DE-He213 Friborg, Oddgeir aut Kristoffersen, Morten aut Pettersen, Gunn aut Sagen, Jørn V. aut Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn aut Rosenvinge, Jan H. aut Enthalten in Sports medicine - open Berlin [u.a.] : Springer, 2015 9(2023), 1 vom: 13. Juli (DE-627)818042605 (DE-600)2809942-4 2198-9761 nnns volume:9 year:2023 number:1 day:13 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2023 1 13 07
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4 doi (DE-627)SPR052246353 (SPR)s40798-023-00605-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Dasa, Marcus S. verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-0081-7753 aut Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool developed to detect endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of persistent low energy availability (LEA) and the female athlete triad (Triad). This study investigated the applicability of the LEAF-Q in a cohort of sixty professional female football players. Methods The participants were classified as at risk (≥ 8) or not at risk (< 8) for persistent LEA and the Triad according to their LEAF-Q score, before being compared. Receiver operating curves were then conducted to examine the ability of the overall LEAF-Q and subcategories to correctly determine the presence of clinically defined markers of the Triad. Additionally, Youden’s index was calculated to determine the best fitting cut-off values. Results Thirty-two percent of participants were classified as at risk by the LEAF-Q. We found no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any markers associated with persistent LEA. Except for acceptable accuracy in determining menstrual status, all other LEAF-Q components exhibited poor accuracy and predictive values. Youden’s index scores imply that increasing the overall and injury cut-off values to ≥ 10 and ≥ 5 respectively, would yield increased performance. Conclusions Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting LEA and Triad conditions among female football players. Key points The LEAF-Q is a screening tool developed to identify female endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of low energy availability and the female athlete triad. The questionnaire has been used in a wide range of athlete populations, including female football players, without sufficient knowledge about its applicability.The prevalence of acute and impact injuries in football, compared to endurance sports and dancing, may introduce substantial bias, leading to artificially inflated scores on the questionnaire.Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting symptoms of the female athlete triad and LEA among female football players. Low energy availability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Football (dpeaa)DE-He213 Soccer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female (dpeaa)DE-He213 Relative energy deficiency in sports (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female athlete triad (dpeaa)DE-He213 Athlete health (dpeaa)DE-He213 Friborg, Oddgeir aut Kristoffersen, Morten aut Pettersen, Gunn aut Sagen, Jørn V. aut Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn aut Rosenvinge, Jan H. aut Enthalten in Sports medicine - open Berlin [u.a.] : Springer, 2015 9(2023), 1 vom: 13. Juli (DE-627)818042605 (DE-600)2809942-4 2198-9761 nnns volume:9 year:2023 number:1 day:13 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2023 1 13 07
allfieldsGer	10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4 doi (DE-627)SPR052246353 (SPR)s40798-023-00605-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Dasa, Marcus S. verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-0081-7753 aut Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool developed to detect endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of persistent low energy availability (LEA) and the female athlete triad (Triad). This study investigated the applicability of the LEAF-Q in a cohort of sixty professional female football players. Methods The participants were classified as at risk (≥ 8) or not at risk (< 8) for persistent LEA and the Triad according to their LEAF-Q score, before being compared. Receiver operating curves were then conducted to examine the ability of the overall LEAF-Q and subcategories to correctly determine the presence of clinically defined markers of the Triad. Additionally, Youden’s index was calculated to determine the best fitting cut-off values. Results Thirty-two percent of participants were classified as at risk by the LEAF-Q. We found no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any markers associated with persistent LEA. Except for acceptable accuracy in determining menstrual status, all other LEAF-Q components exhibited poor accuracy and predictive values. Youden’s index scores imply that increasing the overall and injury cut-off values to ≥ 10 and ≥ 5 respectively, would yield increased performance. Conclusions Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting LEA and Triad conditions among female football players. Key points The LEAF-Q is a screening tool developed to identify female endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of low energy availability and the female athlete triad. The questionnaire has been used in a wide range of athlete populations, including female football players, without sufficient knowledge about its applicability.The prevalence of acute and impact injuries in football, compared to endurance sports and dancing, may introduce substantial bias, leading to artificially inflated scores on the questionnaire.Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting symptoms of the female athlete triad and LEA among female football players. Low energy availability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Football (dpeaa)DE-He213 Soccer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female (dpeaa)DE-He213 Relative energy deficiency in sports (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female athlete triad (dpeaa)DE-He213 Athlete health (dpeaa)DE-He213 Friborg, Oddgeir aut Kristoffersen, Morten aut Pettersen, Gunn aut Sagen, Jørn V. aut Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn aut Rosenvinge, Jan H. aut Enthalten in Sports medicine - open Berlin [u.a.] : Springer, 2015 9(2023), 1 vom: 13. Juli (DE-627)818042605 (DE-600)2809942-4 2198-9761 nnns volume:9 year:2023 number:1 day:13 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2023 1 13 07
allfieldsSound	10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4 doi (DE-627)SPR052246353 (SPR)s40798-023-00605-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Dasa, Marcus S. verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-0081-7753 aut Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool developed to detect endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of persistent low energy availability (LEA) and the female athlete triad (Triad). This study investigated the applicability of the LEAF-Q in a cohort of sixty professional female football players. Methods The participants were classified as at risk (≥ 8) or not at risk (< 8) for persistent LEA and the Triad according to their LEAF-Q score, before being compared. Receiver operating curves were then conducted to examine the ability of the overall LEAF-Q and subcategories to correctly determine the presence of clinically defined markers of the Triad. Additionally, Youden’s index was calculated to determine the best fitting cut-off values. Results Thirty-two percent of participants were classified as at risk by the LEAF-Q. We found no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any markers associated with persistent LEA. Except for acceptable accuracy in determining menstrual status, all other LEAF-Q components exhibited poor accuracy and predictive values. Youden’s index scores imply that increasing the overall and injury cut-off values to ≥ 10 and ≥ 5 respectively, would yield increased performance. Conclusions Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting LEA and Triad conditions among female football players. Key points The LEAF-Q is a screening tool developed to identify female endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of low energy availability and the female athlete triad. The questionnaire has been used in a wide range of athlete populations, including female football players, without sufficient knowledge about its applicability.The prevalence of acute and impact injuries in football, compared to endurance sports and dancing, may introduce substantial bias, leading to artificially inflated scores on the questionnaire.Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting symptoms of the female athlete triad and LEA among female football players. Low energy availability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Football (dpeaa)DE-He213 Soccer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female (dpeaa)DE-He213 Relative energy deficiency in sports (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female athlete triad (dpeaa)DE-He213 Athlete health (dpeaa)DE-He213 Friborg, Oddgeir aut Kristoffersen, Morten aut Pettersen, Gunn aut Sagen, Jørn V. aut Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn aut Rosenvinge, Jan H. aut Enthalten in Sports medicine - open Berlin [u.a.] : Springer, 2015 9(2023), 1 vom: 13. Juli (DE-627)818042605 (DE-600)2809942-4 2198-9761 nnns volume:9 year:2023 number:1 day:13 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2023 1 13 07
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source	Enthalten in Sports medicine - open 9(2023), 1 vom: 13. Juli volume:9 year:2023 number:1 day:13 month:07
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Dasa, Marcus S. @@aut@@ Friborg, Oddgeir @@aut@@ Kristoffersen, Morten @@aut@@ Pettersen, Gunn @@aut@@ Sagen, Jørn V. @@aut@@ Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn @@aut@@ Rosenvinge, Jan H. @@aut@@
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author	Dasa, Marcus S.
spellingShingle	Dasa, Marcus S. misc Low energy availability misc Football misc Soccer misc Female misc Relative energy deficiency in sports misc Female athlete triad misc Athlete health Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players
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topic_title	Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players Low energy availability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Football (dpeaa)DE-He213 Soccer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female (dpeaa)DE-He213 Relative energy deficiency in sports (dpeaa)DE-He213 Female athlete triad (dpeaa)DE-He213 Athlete health (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	misc Low energy availability misc Football misc Soccer misc Female misc Relative energy deficiency in sports misc Female athlete triad misc Athlete health
topic_unstemmed	misc Low energy availability misc Football misc Soccer misc Female misc Relative energy deficiency in sports misc Female athlete triad misc Athlete health
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title_full	Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players
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author_browse	Dasa, Marcus S. Friborg, Oddgeir Kristoffersen, Morten Pettersen, Gunn Sagen, Jørn V. Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn Rosenvinge, Jan H.
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title_sort	evaluating the suitability of the low energy availability in females questionnaire (leaf-q) for female football players
title_auth	Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players
abstract	Background The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool developed to detect endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of persistent low energy availability (LEA) and the female athlete triad (Triad). This study investigated the applicability of the LEAF-Q in a cohort of sixty professional female football players. Methods The participants were classified as at risk (≥ 8) or not at risk (< 8) for persistent LEA and the Triad according to their LEAF-Q score, before being compared. Receiver operating curves were then conducted to examine the ability of the overall LEAF-Q and subcategories to correctly determine the presence of clinically defined markers of the Triad. Additionally, Youden’s index was calculated to determine the best fitting cut-off values. Results Thirty-two percent of participants were classified as at risk by the LEAF-Q. We found no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any markers associated with persistent LEA. Except for acceptable accuracy in determining menstrual status, all other LEAF-Q components exhibited poor accuracy and predictive values. Youden’s index scores imply that increasing the overall and injury cut-off values to ≥ 10 and ≥ 5 respectively, would yield increased performance. Conclusions Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting LEA and Triad conditions among female football players. Key points The LEAF-Q is a screening tool developed to identify female endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of low energy availability and the female athlete triad. The questionnaire has been used in a wide range of athlete populations, including female football players, without sufficient knowledge about its applicability.The prevalence of acute and impact injuries in football, compared to endurance sports and dancing, may introduce substantial bias, leading to artificially inflated scores on the questionnaire.Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting symptoms of the female athlete triad and LEA among female football players. © The Author(s) 2023
abstractGer	Background The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool developed to detect endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of persistent low energy availability (LEA) and the female athlete triad (Triad). This study investigated the applicability of the LEAF-Q in a cohort of sixty professional female football players. Methods The participants were classified as at risk (≥ 8) or not at risk (< 8) for persistent LEA and the Triad according to their LEAF-Q score, before being compared. Receiver operating curves were then conducted to examine the ability of the overall LEAF-Q and subcategories to correctly determine the presence of clinically defined markers of the Triad. Additionally, Youden’s index was calculated to determine the best fitting cut-off values. Results Thirty-two percent of participants were classified as at risk by the LEAF-Q. We found no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any markers associated with persistent LEA. Except for acceptable accuracy in determining menstrual status, all other LEAF-Q components exhibited poor accuracy and predictive values. Youden’s index scores imply that increasing the overall and injury cut-off values to ≥ 10 and ≥ 5 respectively, would yield increased performance. Conclusions Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting LEA and Triad conditions among female football players. Key points The LEAF-Q is a screening tool developed to identify female endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of low energy availability and the female athlete triad. The questionnaire has been used in a wide range of athlete populations, including female football players, without sufficient knowledge about its applicability.The prevalence of acute and impact injuries in football, compared to endurance sports and dancing, may introduce substantial bias, leading to artificially inflated scores on the questionnaire.Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting symptoms of the female athlete triad and LEA among female football players. © The Author(s) 2023
abstract_unstemmed	Background The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool developed to detect endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of persistent low energy availability (LEA) and the female athlete triad (Triad). This study investigated the applicability of the LEAF-Q in a cohort of sixty professional female football players. Methods The participants were classified as at risk (≥ 8) or not at risk (< 8) for persistent LEA and the Triad according to their LEAF-Q score, before being compared. Receiver operating curves were then conducted to examine the ability of the overall LEAF-Q and subcategories to correctly determine the presence of clinically defined markers of the Triad. Additionally, Youden’s index was calculated to determine the best fitting cut-off values. Results Thirty-two percent of participants were classified as at risk by the LEAF-Q. We found no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any markers associated with persistent LEA. Except for acceptable accuracy in determining menstrual status, all other LEAF-Q components exhibited poor accuracy and predictive values. Youden’s index scores imply that increasing the overall and injury cut-off values to ≥ 10 and ≥ 5 respectively, would yield increased performance. Conclusions Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting LEA and Triad conditions among female football players. Key points The LEAF-Q is a screening tool developed to identify female endurance athletes and dancers at risk for development of low energy availability and the female athlete triad. The questionnaire has been used in a wide range of athlete populations, including female football players, without sufficient knowledge about its applicability.The prevalence of acute and impact injuries in football, compared to endurance sports and dancing, may introduce substantial bias, leading to artificially inflated scores on the questionnaire.Our findings do not support the use of the LEAF-Q for the purpose of detecting symptoms of the female athlete triad and LEA among female football players. © The Author(s) 2023
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container_issue	1
title_short	Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players
url	https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4
remote_bool	true
author2	Friborg, Oddgeir Kristoffersen, Morten Pettersen, Gunn Sagen, Jørn V. Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn Rosenvinge, Jan H.
author2Str	Friborg, Oddgeir Kristoffersen, Morten Pettersen, Gunn Sagen, Jørn V. Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn Rosenvinge, Jan H.
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doi_str	10.1186/s40798-023-00605-4
up_date	2024-07-04T01:59:23.949Z
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