Determinants of smallholder farmers’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses
Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protecti...
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| Autor*in: |
Ngwenyama, Patrick [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2023 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© International Society for Plant Pathology and Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Food security - Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Netherlands, 2009, 15(2023), 4 vom: 20. Apr., Seite 937-951 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:15 ; year:2023 ; number:4 ; day:20 ; month:04 ; pages:937-951 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 |
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SPR052565610 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protection practices were investigated in two districts in Zimbabwe through a cross-sectional field survey of 331 households randomly selected from lists of farmers’ names kept by local extension staff. A multistage sampling technique was used involving purposively selecting the study districts then randomly selecting the study wards, the villages and the households. Twenty eight key informant were purposively selected being officers and stakeholders working or residing in the two districts and involved in postharvest and nutrition issues. The most commonly used storage practices were the admixture of maize grain with synthetic grain protectant pesticides followed by storage of untreated grain in polypropylene bags. Highly toxic pesticides, such as Cabaryl 85 WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP, which are not registered for stored food grain treatment, were being applied by 14.6% of the farmers to protect their grain from insect attack. We developed a PHNL knowledge index that measured farmers’ nutritional knowledge and awareness of PHNL. Level of education and district positively correlated with farmers’ PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas the opposite was found for farmers’ age (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that use of grain storage protection practices was positively related to farmers’ age, total maize grain production, education level and PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05). Older farmers were less likely to use non-recommended chemicals to protect their maize grain during storage. Farmers’ education level and total maize grain production were positively associated with higher use of synthetic pesticides, while PHNL knowledge was associated with the use of traditional grain protectants (p < 0.05). Training on grain storage management, especially safe grain storage protection practices and PHNLs, is essential to contribute towards household food and nutrition security. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Improved storage practices |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
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10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 doi (DE-627)SPR052565610 (SPR)s12571-023-01349-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ngwenyama, Patrick verfasserin aut Determinants of smallholder farmers’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © International Society for Plant Pathology and Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protection practices were investigated in two districts in Zimbabwe through a cross-sectional field survey of 331 households randomly selected from lists of farmers’ names kept by local extension staff. A multistage sampling technique was used involving purposively selecting the study districts then randomly selecting the study wards, the villages and the households. Twenty eight key informant were purposively selected being officers and stakeholders working or residing in the two districts and involved in postharvest and nutrition issues. The most commonly used storage practices were the admixture of maize grain with synthetic grain protectant pesticides followed by storage of untreated grain in polypropylene bags. Highly toxic pesticides, such as Cabaryl 85 WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP, which are not registered for stored food grain treatment, were being applied by 14.6% of the farmers to protect their grain from insect attack. We developed a PHNL knowledge index that measured farmers’ nutritional knowledge and awareness of PHNL. Level of education and district positively correlated with farmers’ PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas the opposite was found for farmers’ age (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that use of grain storage protection practices was positively related to farmers’ age, total maize grain production, education level and PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05). Older farmers were less likely to use non-recommended chemicals to protect their maize grain during storage. Farmers’ education level and total maize grain production were positively associated with higher use of synthetic pesticides, while PHNL knowledge was associated with the use of traditional grain protectants (p < 0.05). Training on grain storage management, especially safe grain storage protection practices and PHNLs, is essential to contribute towards household food and nutrition security. Grain storage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Improved storage practices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutritional losses (dpeaa)DE-He213 Postharvest nutrient loss index (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutrition security (dpeaa)DE-He213 Siziba, Shephard aut Nyanga, Loveness K. aut Stathers, Tanya E. (orcid)0000-0002-7767-6186 aut Mubayiwa, Macdonald aut Mlambo, Shaw aut Nyabako, Tinashe aut Bechoff, Aurélie aut Shee, Apurba aut Mvumi, Brighton M. (orcid)0000-0002-3822-6545 aut Enthalten in Food security Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Netherlands, 2009 15(2023), 4 vom: 20. Apr., Seite 937-951 (DE-627)595710026 (DE-600)2486755-X 1876-4525 nnns volume:15 year:2023 number:4 day:20 month:04 pages:937-951 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2023 4 20 04 937-951 |
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10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 doi (DE-627)SPR052565610 (SPR)s12571-023-01349-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ngwenyama, Patrick verfasserin aut Determinants of smallholder farmers’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © International Society for Plant Pathology and Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protection practices were investigated in two districts in Zimbabwe through a cross-sectional field survey of 331 households randomly selected from lists of farmers’ names kept by local extension staff. A multistage sampling technique was used involving purposively selecting the study districts then randomly selecting the study wards, the villages and the households. Twenty eight key informant were purposively selected being officers and stakeholders working or residing in the two districts and involved in postharvest and nutrition issues. The most commonly used storage practices were the admixture of maize grain with synthetic grain protectant pesticides followed by storage of untreated grain in polypropylene bags. Highly toxic pesticides, such as Cabaryl 85 WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP, which are not registered for stored food grain treatment, were being applied by 14.6% of the farmers to protect their grain from insect attack. We developed a PHNL knowledge index that measured farmers’ nutritional knowledge and awareness of PHNL. Level of education and district positively correlated with farmers’ PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas the opposite was found for farmers’ age (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that use of grain storage protection practices was positively related to farmers’ age, total maize grain production, education level and PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05). Older farmers were less likely to use non-recommended chemicals to protect their maize grain during storage. Farmers’ education level and total maize grain production were positively associated with higher use of synthetic pesticides, while PHNL knowledge was associated with the use of traditional grain protectants (p < 0.05). Training on grain storage management, especially safe grain storage protection practices and PHNLs, is essential to contribute towards household food and nutrition security. Grain storage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Improved storage practices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutritional losses (dpeaa)DE-He213 Postharvest nutrient loss index (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutrition security (dpeaa)DE-He213 Siziba, Shephard aut Nyanga, Loveness K. aut Stathers, Tanya E. (orcid)0000-0002-7767-6186 aut Mubayiwa, Macdonald aut Mlambo, Shaw aut Nyabako, Tinashe aut Bechoff, Aurélie aut Shee, Apurba aut Mvumi, Brighton M. (orcid)0000-0002-3822-6545 aut Enthalten in Food security Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Netherlands, 2009 15(2023), 4 vom: 20. Apr., Seite 937-951 (DE-627)595710026 (DE-600)2486755-X 1876-4525 nnns volume:15 year:2023 number:4 day:20 month:04 pages:937-951 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2023 4 20 04 937-951 |
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10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 doi (DE-627)SPR052565610 (SPR)s12571-023-01349-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ngwenyama, Patrick verfasserin aut Determinants of smallholder farmers’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © International Society for Plant Pathology and Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protection practices were investigated in two districts in Zimbabwe through a cross-sectional field survey of 331 households randomly selected from lists of farmers’ names kept by local extension staff. A multistage sampling technique was used involving purposively selecting the study districts then randomly selecting the study wards, the villages and the households. Twenty eight key informant were purposively selected being officers and stakeholders working or residing in the two districts and involved in postharvest and nutrition issues. The most commonly used storage practices were the admixture of maize grain with synthetic grain protectant pesticides followed by storage of untreated grain in polypropylene bags. Highly toxic pesticides, such as Cabaryl 85 WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP, which are not registered for stored food grain treatment, were being applied by 14.6% of the farmers to protect their grain from insect attack. We developed a PHNL knowledge index that measured farmers’ nutritional knowledge and awareness of PHNL. Level of education and district positively correlated with farmers’ PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas the opposite was found for farmers’ age (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that use of grain storage protection practices was positively related to farmers’ age, total maize grain production, education level and PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05). Older farmers were less likely to use non-recommended chemicals to protect their maize grain during storage. Farmers’ education level and total maize grain production were positively associated with higher use of synthetic pesticides, while PHNL knowledge was associated with the use of traditional grain protectants (p < 0.05). Training on grain storage management, especially safe grain storage protection practices and PHNLs, is essential to contribute towards household food and nutrition security. Grain storage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Improved storage practices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutritional losses (dpeaa)DE-He213 Postharvest nutrient loss index (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutrition security (dpeaa)DE-He213 Siziba, Shephard aut Nyanga, Loveness K. aut Stathers, Tanya E. (orcid)0000-0002-7767-6186 aut Mubayiwa, Macdonald aut Mlambo, Shaw aut Nyabako, Tinashe aut Bechoff, Aurélie aut Shee, Apurba aut Mvumi, Brighton M. (orcid)0000-0002-3822-6545 aut Enthalten in Food security Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Netherlands, 2009 15(2023), 4 vom: 20. Apr., Seite 937-951 (DE-627)595710026 (DE-600)2486755-X 1876-4525 nnns volume:15 year:2023 number:4 day:20 month:04 pages:937-951 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2023 4 20 04 937-951 |
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10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 doi (DE-627)SPR052565610 (SPR)s12571-023-01349-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ngwenyama, Patrick verfasserin aut Determinants of smallholder farmers’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © International Society for Plant Pathology and Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protection practices were investigated in two districts in Zimbabwe through a cross-sectional field survey of 331 households randomly selected from lists of farmers’ names kept by local extension staff. A multistage sampling technique was used involving purposively selecting the study districts then randomly selecting the study wards, the villages and the households. Twenty eight key informant were purposively selected being officers and stakeholders working or residing in the two districts and involved in postharvest and nutrition issues. The most commonly used storage practices were the admixture of maize grain with synthetic grain protectant pesticides followed by storage of untreated grain in polypropylene bags. Highly toxic pesticides, such as Cabaryl 85 WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP, which are not registered for stored food grain treatment, were being applied by 14.6% of the farmers to protect their grain from insect attack. We developed a PHNL knowledge index that measured farmers’ nutritional knowledge and awareness of PHNL. Level of education and district positively correlated with farmers’ PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas the opposite was found for farmers’ age (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that use of grain storage protection practices was positively related to farmers’ age, total maize grain production, education level and PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05). Older farmers were less likely to use non-recommended chemicals to protect their maize grain during storage. Farmers’ education level and total maize grain production were positively associated with higher use of synthetic pesticides, while PHNL knowledge was associated with the use of traditional grain protectants (p < 0.05). Training on grain storage management, especially safe grain storage protection practices and PHNLs, is essential to contribute towards household food and nutrition security. Grain storage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Improved storage practices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutritional losses (dpeaa)DE-He213 Postharvest nutrient loss index (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutrition security (dpeaa)DE-He213 Siziba, Shephard aut Nyanga, Loveness K. aut Stathers, Tanya E. (orcid)0000-0002-7767-6186 aut Mubayiwa, Macdonald aut Mlambo, Shaw aut Nyabako, Tinashe aut Bechoff, Aurélie aut Shee, Apurba aut Mvumi, Brighton M. (orcid)0000-0002-3822-6545 aut Enthalten in Food security Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Netherlands, 2009 15(2023), 4 vom: 20. Apr., Seite 937-951 (DE-627)595710026 (DE-600)2486755-X 1876-4525 nnns volume:15 year:2023 number:4 day:20 month:04 pages:937-951 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2023 4 20 04 937-951 |
| allfieldsSound |
10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 doi (DE-627)SPR052565610 (SPR)s12571-023-01349-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ngwenyama, Patrick verfasserin aut Determinants of smallholder farmers’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © International Society for Plant Pathology and Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protection practices were investigated in two districts in Zimbabwe through a cross-sectional field survey of 331 households randomly selected from lists of farmers’ names kept by local extension staff. A multistage sampling technique was used involving purposively selecting the study districts then randomly selecting the study wards, the villages and the households. Twenty eight key informant were purposively selected being officers and stakeholders working or residing in the two districts and involved in postharvest and nutrition issues. The most commonly used storage practices were the admixture of maize grain with synthetic grain protectant pesticides followed by storage of untreated grain in polypropylene bags. Highly toxic pesticides, such as Cabaryl 85 WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP, which are not registered for stored food grain treatment, were being applied by 14.6% of the farmers to protect their grain from insect attack. We developed a PHNL knowledge index that measured farmers’ nutritional knowledge and awareness of PHNL. Level of education and district positively correlated with farmers’ PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas the opposite was found for farmers’ age (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that use of grain storage protection practices was positively related to farmers’ age, total maize grain production, education level and PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05). Older farmers were less likely to use non-recommended chemicals to protect their maize grain during storage. Farmers’ education level and total maize grain production were positively associated with higher use of synthetic pesticides, while PHNL knowledge was associated with the use of traditional grain protectants (p < 0.05). Training on grain storage management, especially safe grain storage protection practices and PHNLs, is essential to contribute towards household food and nutrition security. Grain storage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Improved storage practices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutritional losses (dpeaa)DE-He213 Postharvest nutrient loss index (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutrition security (dpeaa)DE-He213 Siziba, Shephard aut Nyanga, Loveness K. aut Stathers, Tanya E. (orcid)0000-0002-7767-6186 aut Mubayiwa, Macdonald aut Mlambo, Shaw aut Nyabako, Tinashe aut Bechoff, Aurélie aut Shee, Apurba aut Mvumi, Brighton M. (orcid)0000-0002-3822-6545 aut Enthalten in Food security Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Netherlands, 2009 15(2023), 4 vom: 20. Apr., Seite 937-951 (DE-627)595710026 (DE-600)2486755-X 1876-4525 nnns volume:15 year:2023 number:4 day:20 month:04 pages:937-951 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2023 4 20 04 937-951 |
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Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protection practices were investigated in two districts in Zimbabwe through a cross-sectional field survey of 331 households randomly selected from lists of farmers’ names kept by local extension staff. A multistage sampling technique was used involving purposively selecting the study districts then randomly selecting the study wards, the villages and the households. Twenty eight key informant were purposively selected being officers and stakeholders working or residing in the two districts and involved in postharvest and nutrition issues. The most commonly used storage practices were the admixture of maize grain with synthetic grain protectant pesticides followed by storage of untreated grain in polypropylene bags. Highly toxic pesticides, such as Cabaryl 85 WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP, which are not registered for stored food grain treatment, were being applied by 14.6% of the farmers to protect their grain from insect attack. We developed a PHNL knowledge index that measured farmers’ nutritional knowledge and awareness of PHNL. Level of education and district positively correlated with farmers’ PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas the opposite was found for farmers’ age (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that use of grain storage protection practices was positively related to farmers’ age, total maize grain production, education level and PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05). Older farmers were less likely to use non-recommended chemicals to protect their maize grain during storage. Farmers’ education level and total maize grain production were positively associated with higher use of synthetic pesticides, while PHNL knowledge was associated with the use of traditional grain protectants (p < 0.05). Training on grain storage management, especially safe grain storage protection practices and PHNLs, is essential to contribute towards household food and nutrition security.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Grain storage</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Improved storage practices</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Nutritional losses</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Postharvest nutrient loss index</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Nutrition security</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Siziba, Shephard</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nyanga, Loveness K.</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Stathers, Tanya E.</subfield><subfield code="0">(orcid)0000-0002-7767-6186</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mubayiwa, Macdonald</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mlambo, Shaw</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nyabako, Tinashe</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bechoff, Aurélie</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Shee, Apurba</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mvumi, Brighton M.</subfield><subfield code="0">(orcid)0000-0002-3822-6545</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">Food security</subfield><subfield code="d">Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Netherlands, 2009</subfield><subfield code="g">15(2023), 4 vom: 20. 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Ngwenyama, Patrick |
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Determinants of smallholder farmers’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses Grain storage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Improved storage practices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutritional losses (dpeaa)DE-He213 Postharvest nutrient loss index (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nutrition security (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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Ngwenyama, Patrick Siziba, Shephard Nyanga, Loveness K. Stathers, Tanya E. Mubayiwa, Macdonald Mlambo, Shaw Nyabako, Tinashe Bechoff, Aurélie Shee, Apurba Mvumi, Brighton M. |
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determinants of smallholder farmers’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses |
| title_auth |
Determinants of smallholder farmers’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses |
| abstract |
Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protection practices were investigated in two districts in Zimbabwe through a cross-sectional field survey of 331 households randomly selected from lists of farmers’ names kept by local extension staff. A multistage sampling technique was used involving purposively selecting the study districts then randomly selecting the study wards, the villages and the households. Twenty eight key informant were purposively selected being officers and stakeholders working or residing in the two districts and involved in postharvest and nutrition issues. The most commonly used storage practices were the admixture of maize grain with synthetic grain protectant pesticides followed by storage of untreated grain in polypropylene bags. Highly toxic pesticides, such as Cabaryl 85 WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP, which are not registered for stored food grain treatment, were being applied by 14.6% of the farmers to protect their grain from insect attack. We developed a PHNL knowledge index that measured farmers’ nutritional knowledge and awareness of PHNL. Level of education and district positively correlated with farmers’ PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas the opposite was found for farmers’ age (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that use of grain storage protection practices was positively related to farmers’ age, total maize grain production, education level and PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05). Older farmers were less likely to use non-recommended chemicals to protect their maize grain during storage. Farmers’ education level and total maize grain production were positively associated with higher use of synthetic pesticides, while PHNL knowledge was associated with the use of traditional grain protectants (p < 0.05). Training on grain storage management, especially safe grain storage protection practices and PHNLs, is essential to contribute towards household food and nutrition security. © International Society for Plant Pathology and Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
| abstractGer |
Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protection practices were investigated in two districts in Zimbabwe through a cross-sectional field survey of 331 households randomly selected from lists of farmers’ names kept by local extension staff. A multistage sampling technique was used involving purposively selecting the study districts then randomly selecting the study wards, the villages and the households. Twenty eight key informant were purposively selected being officers and stakeholders working or residing in the two districts and involved in postharvest and nutrition issues. The most commonly used storage practices were the admixture of maize grain with synthetic grain protectant pesticides followed by storage of untreated grain in polypropylene bags. Highly toxic pesticides, such as Cabaryl 85 WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP, which are not registered for stored food grain treatment, were being applied by 14.6% of the farmers to protect their grain from insect attack. We developed a PHNL knowledge index that measured farmers’ nutritional knowledge and awareness of PHNL. Level of education and district positively correlated with farmers’ PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas the opposite was found for farmers’ age (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that use of grain storage protection practices was positively related to farmers’ age, total maize grain production, education level and PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05). Older farmers were less likely to use non-recommended chemicals to protect their maize grain during storage. Farmers’ education level and total maize grain production were positively associated with higher use of synthetic pesticides, while PHNL knowledge was associated with the use of traditional grain protectants (p < 0.05). Training on grain storage management, especially safe grain storage protection practices and PHNLs, is essential to contribute towards household food and nutrition security. © International Society for Plant Pathology and Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Poor storage methods lead to high postharvest losses in maize, an essential staple in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and awareness of postharvest nutritional losses (PHNLs), practices regarding maize grain storage, and factors influencing use of improved storage protection practices were investigated in two districts in Zimbabwe through a cross-sectional field survey of 331 households randomly selected from lists of farmers’ names kept by local extension staff. A multistage sampling technique was used involving purposively selecting the study districts then randomly selecting the study wards, the villages and the households. Twenty eight key informant were purposively selected being officers and stakeholders working or residing in the two districts and involved in postharvest and nutrition issues. The most commonly used storage practices were the admixture of maize grain with synthetic grain protectant pesticides followed by storage of untreated grain in polypropylene bags. Highly toxic pesticides, such as Cabaryl 85 WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP, which are not registered for stored food grain treatment, were being applied by 14.6% of the farmers to protect their grain from insect attack. We developed a PHNL knowledge index that measured farmers’ nutritional knowledge and awareness of PHNL. Level of education and district positively correlated with farmers’ PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas the opposite was found for farmers’ age (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that use of grain storage protection practices was positively related to farmers’ age, total maize grain production, education level and PHNL knowledge (p < 0.05). Older farmers were less likely to use non-recommended chemicals to protect their maize grain during storage. Farmers’ education level and total maize grain production were positively associated with higher use of synthetic pesticides, while PHNL knowledge was associated with the use of traditional grain protectants (p < 0.05). Training on grain storage management, especially safe grain storage protection practices and PHNLs, is essential to contribute towards household food and nutrition security. © International Society for Plant Pathology and Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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Determinants of smallholder farmers’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses |
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Siziba, Shephard Nyanga, Loveness K. Stathers, Tanya E. Mubayiwa, Macdonald Mlambo, Shaw Nyabako, Tinashe Bechoff, Aurélie Shee, Apurba Mvumi, Brighton M. |
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Siziba, Shephard Nyanga, Loveness K. Stathers, Tanya E. Mubayiwa, Macdonald Mlambo, Shaw Nyabako, Tinashe Bechoff, Aurélie Shee, Apurba Mvumi, Brighton M. |
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| score |
7.3995523 |