Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India
Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS vers...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Singh, Ranbir [verfasserIn] |
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Format: |
E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2023 |
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Anmerkung: |
© The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Paddy and water environment - Berlin : Springer, 2003, 21(2023), 4 vom: 07. Juli, Seite 479-495 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:21 ; year:2023 ; number:4 ; day:07 ; month:07 ; pages:479-495 |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w |
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Katalog-ID: |
SPR052936805 |
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520 | |a Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS versus surface irrigation system (SIS) was made to assess the NUE, water saving and techno-economic feasibility of the MSIS in RWCS. A four-year (2012–16) field experiment was conducted with four treatments namely, (1) SIS in puddled transplanted rice (PTR)—conventional tilled wheat (CTW) (SIS-PTR/CTW), (2) SIS in reduce tilled direct seeded rice (DSR)—zero tilled wheat (ZTW) with 100% rice residue mulch (RM) (SIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), (3) MSIS in DSR and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), and (4) MSIS in DSR with 1/3rd wheat residue and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM). MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM produced 5% lower system yield, but saved 49% of the applied irrigation water, resulting in 93% higher irrigation water productivity and 38% higher input water productivity as compared to SIS-PTR/CTW. Additionally, MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM treatment recorded 38% less nitrogen use and 54% higher nitrogen use efficiency. Though the benefit cost (B:C) ratio of MSIS-DSR + R/CTW + RM is lower (1.45) compared to SIS-PTR/CTW (1.80) still it could be a feasible option in the areas having limited/scarce water for irrigation, and can bring more areas under irrigation. | ||
650 | 4 | |a Mini sprinkler irrigation system |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
650 | 4 | |a Reduced tillage |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
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700 | 1 | |a Kumar, Satyendra |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Fagodiya, Ram K. |0 (orcid)0000-0001-7275-2306 |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Sheoran, Parvender |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Rai, Arvind Kumar |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Rani, Sonia |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Chandra, Priyanka |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w doi (DE-627)SPR052936805 (SPR)s10333-023-00942-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Singh, Ranbir verfasserin aut Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS versus surface irrigation system (SIS) was made to assess the NUE, water saving and techno-economic feasibility of the MSIS in RWCS. A four-year (2012–16) field experiment was conducted with four treatments namely, (1) SIS in puddled transplanted rice (PTR)—conventional tilled wheat (CTW) (SIS-PTR/CTW), (2) SIS in reduce tilled direct seeded rice (DSR)—zero tilled wheat (ZTW) with 100% rice residue mulch (RM) (SIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), (3) MSIS in DSR and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), and (4) MSIS in DSR with 1/3rd wheat residue and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM). MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM produced 5% lower system yield, but saved 49% of the applied irrigation water, resulting in 93% higher irrigation water productivity and 38% higher input water productivity as compared to SIS-PTR/CTW. Additionally, MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM treatment recorded 38% less nitrogen use and 54% higher nitrogen use efficiency. Though the benefit cost (B:C) ratio of MSIS-DSR + R/CTW + RM is lower (1.45) compared to SIS-PTR/CTW (1.80) still it could be a feasible option in the areas having limited/scarce water for irrigation, and can bring more areas under irrigation. Mini sprinkler irrigation system (dpeaa)DE-He213 Reduced tillage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Residue mulch (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crop productivity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen use efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Singh, Ajay aut Kumar, Satyendra aut Fagodiya, Ram K. (orcid)0000-0001-7275-2306 aut Sheoran, Parvender aut Rai, Arvind Kumar aut Rani, Sonia aut Chandra, Priyanka aut Enthalten in Paddy and water environment Berlin : Springer, 2003 21(2023), 4 vom: 07. Juli, Seite 479-495 (DE-627)363745564 (DE-600)2104594-X 1611-2504 nnns volume:21 year:2023 number:4 day:07 month:07 pages:479-495 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 21 2023 4 07 07 479-495 |
spelling |
10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w doi (DE-627)SPR052936805 (SPR)s10333-023-00942-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Singh, Ranbir verfasserin aut Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS versus surface irrigation system (SIS) was made to assess the NUE, water saving and techno-economic feasibility of the MSIS in RWCS. A four-year (2012–16) field experiment was conducted with four treatments namely, (1) SIS in puddled transplanted rice (PTR)—conventional tilled wheat (CTW) (SIS-PTR/CTW), (2) SIS in reduce tilled direct seeded rice (DSR)—zero tilled wheat (ZTW) with 100% rice residue mulch (RM) (SIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), (3) MSIS in DSR and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), and (4) MSIS in DSR with 1/3rd wheat residue and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM). MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM produced 5% lower system yield, but saved 49% of the applied irrigation water, resulting in 93% higher irrigation water productivity and 38% higher input water productivity as compared to SIS-PTR/CTW. Additionally, MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM treatment recorded 38% less nitrogen use and 54% higher nitrogen use efficiency. Though the benefit cost (B:C) ratio of MSIS-DSR + R/CTW + RM is lower (1.45) compared to SIS-PTR/CTW (1.80) still it could be a feasible option in the areas having limited/scarce water for irrigation, and can bring more areas under irrigation. Mini sprinkler irrigation system (dpeaa)DE-He213 Reduced tillage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Residue mulch (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crop productivity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen use efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Singh, Ajay aut Kumar, Satyendra aut Fagodiya, Ram K. (orcid)0000-0001-7275-2306 aut Sheoran, Parvender aut Rai, Arvind Kumar aut Rani, Sonia aut Chandra, Priyanka aut Enthalten in Paddy and water environment Berlin : Springer, 2003 21(2023), 4 vom: 07. Juli, Seite 479-495 (DE-627)363745564 (DE-600)2104594-X 1611-2504 nnns volume:21 year:2023 number:4 day:07 month:07 pages:479-495 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 21 2023 4 07 07 479-495 |
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10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w doi (DE-627)SPR052936805 (SPR)s10333-023-00942-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Singh, Ranbir verfasserin aut Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS versus surface irrigation system (SIS) was made to assess the NUE, water saving and techno-economic feasibility of the MSIS in RWCS. A four-year (2012–16) field experiment was conducted with four treatments namely, (1) SIS in puddled transplanted rice (PTR)—conventional tilled wheat (CTW) (SIS-PTR/CTW), (2) SIS in reduce tilled direct seeded rice (DSR)—zero tilled wheat (ZTW) with 100% rice residue mulch (RM) (SIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), (3) MSIS in DSR and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), and (4) MSIS in DSR with 1/3rd wheat residue and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM). MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM produced 5% lower system yield, but saved 49% of the applied irrigation water, resulting in 93% higher irrigation water productivity and 38% higher input water productivity as compared to SIS-PTR/CTW. Additionally, MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM treatment recorded 38% less nitrogen use and 54% higher nitrogen use efficiency. Though the benefit cost (B:C) ratio of MSIS-DSR + R/CTW + RM is lower (1.45) compared to SIS-PTR/CTW (1.80) still it could be a feasible option in the areas having limited/scarce water for irrigation, and can bring more areas under irrigation. Mini sprinkler irrigation system (dpeaa)DE-He213 Reduced tillage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Residue mulch (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crop productivity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen use efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Singh, Ajay aut Kumar, Satyendra aut Fagodiya, Ram K. (orcid)0000-0001-7275-2306 aut Sheoran, Parvender aut Rai, Arvind Kumar aut Rani, Sonia aut Chandra, Priyanka aut Enthalten in Paddy and water environment Berlin : Springer, 2003 21(2023), 4 vom: 07. Juli, Seite 479-495 (DE-627)363745564 (DE-600)2104594-X 1611-2504 nnns volume:21 year:2023 number:4 day:07 month:07 pages:479-495 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 21 2023 4 07 07 479-495 |
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10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w doi (DE-627)SPR052936805 (SPR)s10333-023-00942-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Singh, Ranbir verfasserin aut Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS versus surface irrigation system (SIS) was made to assess the NUE, water saving and techno-economic feasibility of the MSIS in RWCS. A four-year (2012–16) field experiment was conducted with four treatments namely, (1) SIS in puddled transplanted rice (PTR)—conventional tilled wheat (CTW) (SIS-PTR/CTW), (2) SIS in reduce tilled direct seeded rice (DSR)—zero tilled wheat (ZTW) with 100% rice residue mulch (RM) (SIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), (3) MSIS in DSR and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), and (4) MSIS in DSR with 1/3rd wheat residue and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM). MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM produced 5% lower system yield, but saved 49% of the applied irrigation water, resulting in 93% higher irrigation water productivity and 38% higher input water productivity as compared to SIS-PTR/CTW. Additionally, MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM treatment recorded 38% less nitrogen use and 54% higher nitrogen use efficiency. Though the benefit cost (B:C) ratio of MSIS-DSR + R/CTW + RM is lower (1.45) compared to SIS-PTR/CTW (1.80) still it could be a feasible option in the areas having limited/scarce water for irrigation, and can bring more areas under irrigation. Mini sprinkler irrigation system (dpeaa)DE-He213 Reduced tillage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Residue mulch (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crop productivity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen use efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Singh, Ajay aut Kumar, Satyendra aut Fagodiya, Ram K. (orcid)0000-0001-7275-2306 aut Sheoran, Parvender aut Rai, Arvind Kumar aut Rani, Sonia aut Chandra, Priyanka aut Enthalten in Paddy and water environment Berlin : Springer, 2003 21(2023), 4 vom: 07. Juli, Seite 479-495 (DE-627)363745564 (DE-600)2104594-X 1611-2504 nnns volume:21 year:2023 number:4 day:07 month:07 pages:479-495 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 21 2023 4 07 07 479-495 |
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10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w doi (DE-627)SPR052936805 (SPR)s10333-023-00942-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Singh, Ranbir verfasserin aut Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS versus surface irrigation system (SIS) was made to assess the NUE, water saving and techno-economic feasibility of the MSIS in RWCS. A four-year (2012–16) field experiment was conducted with four treatments namely, (1) SIS in puddled transplanted rice (PTR)—conventional tilled wheat (CTW) (SIS-PTR/CTW), (2) SIS in reduce tilled direct seeded rice (DSR)—zero tilled wheat (ZTW) with 100% rice residue mulch (RM) (SIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), (3) MSIS in DSR and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), and (4) MSIS in DSR with 1/3rd wheat residue and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM). MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM produced 5% lower system yield, but saved 49% of the applied irrigation water, resulting in 93% higher irrigation water productivity and 38% higher input water productivity as compared to SIS-PTR/CTW. Additionally, MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM treatment recorded 38% less nitrogen use and 54% higher nitrogen use efficiency. Though the benefit cost (B:C) ratio of MSIS-DSR + R/CTW + RM is lower (1.45) compared to SIS-PTR/CTW (1.80) still it could be a feasible option in the areas having limited/scarce water for irrigation, and can bring more areas under irrigation. Mini sprinkler irrigation system (dpeaa)DE-He213 Reduced tillage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Residue mulch (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crop productivity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen use efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Singh, Ajay aut Kumar, Satyendra aut Fagodiya, Ram K. (orcid)0000-0001-7275-2306 aut Sheoran, Parvender aut Rai, Arvind Kumar aut Rani, Sonia aut Chandra, Priyanka aut Enthalten in Paddy and water environment Berlin : Springer, 2003 21(2023), 4 vom: 07. Juli, Seite 479-495 (DE-627)363745564 (DE-600)2104594-X 1611-2504 nnns volume:21 year:2023 number:4 day:07 month:07 pages:479-495 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 21 2023 4 07 07 479-495 |
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Enthalten in Paddy and water environment 21(2023), 4 vom: 07. Juli, Seite 479-495 volume:21 year:2023 number:4 day:07 month:07 pages:479-495 |
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Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS versus surface irrigation system (SIS) was made to assess the NUE, water saving and techno-economic feasibility of the MSIS in RWCS. A four-year (2012–16) field experiment was conducted with four treatments namely, (1) SIS in puddled transplanted rice (PTR)—conventional tilled wheat (CTW) (SIS-PTR/CTW), (2) SIS in reduce tilled direct seeded rice (DSR)—zero tilled wheat (ZTW) with 100% rice residue mulch (RM) (SIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), (3) MSIS in DSR and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), and (4) MSIS in DSR with 1/3rd wheat residue and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM). MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM produced 5% lower system yield, but saved 49% of the applied irrigation water, resulting in 93% higher irrigation water productivity and 38% higher input water productivity as compared to SIS-PTR/CTW. Additionally, MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM treatment recorded 38% less nitrogen use and 54% higher nitrogen use efficiency. Though the benefit cost (B:C) ratio of MSIS-DSR + R/CTW + RM is lower (1.45) compared to SIS-PTR/CTW (1.80) still it could be a feasible option in the areas having limited/scarce water for irrigation, and can bring more areas under irrigation.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Mini sprinkler irrigation system</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Reduced tillage</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Residue mulch</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Crop productivity</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Nitrogen use efficiency</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Singh, Ajay</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kumar, Satyendra</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fagodiya, Ram K.</subfield><subfield code="0">(orcid)0000-0001-7275-2306</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Sheoran, Parvender</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rai, Arvind Kumar</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rani, Sonia</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Chandra, Priyanka</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">Paddy and water environment</subfield><subfield code="d">Berlin : Springer, 2003</subfield><subfield code="g">21(2023), 4 vom: 07. 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Singh, Ranbir |
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Singh, Ranbir misc Mini sprinkler irrigation system misc Reduced tillage misc Residue mulch misc Crop productivity misc Nitrogen use efficiency Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India |
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Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India Mini sprinkler irrigation system (dpeaa)DE-He213 Reduced tillage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Residue mulch (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crop productivity (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen use efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India |
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Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India |
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Singh, Ranbir Singh, Ajay Kumar, Satyendra Fagodiya, Ram K. Sheoran, Parvender Rai, Arvind Kumar Rani, Sonia Chandra, Priyanka |
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effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western indo-gangetic plains of india |
title_auth |
Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India |
abstract |
Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS versus surface irrigation system (SIS) was made to assess the NUE, water saving and techno-economic feasibility of the MSIS in RWCS. A four-year (2012–16) field experiment was conducted with four treatments namely, (1) SIS in puddled transplanted rice (PTR)—conventional tilled wheat (CTW) (SIS-PTR/CTW), (2) SIS in reduce tilled direct seeded rice (DSR)—zero tilled wheat (ZTW) with 100% rice residue mulch (RM) (SIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), (3) MSIS in DSR and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), and (4) MSIS in DSR with 1/3rd wheat residue and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM). MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM produced 5% lower system yield, but saved 49% of the applied irrigation water, resulting in 93% higher irrigation water productivity and 38% higher input water productivity as compared to SIS-PTR/CTW. Additionally, MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM treatment recorded 38% less nitrogen use and 54% higher nitrogen use efficiency. Though the benefit cost (B:C) ratio of MSIS-DSR + R/CTW + RM is lower (1.45) compared to SIS-PTR/CTW (1.80) still it could be a feasible option in the areas having limited/scarce water for irrigation, and can bring more areas under irrigation. © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
abstractGer |
Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS versus surface irrigation system (SIS) was made to assess the NUE, water saving and techno-economic feasibility of the MSIS in RWCS. A four-year (2012–16) field experiment was conducted with four treatments namely, (1) SIS in puddled transplanted rice (PTR)—conventional tilled wheat (CTW) (SIS-PTR/CTW), (2) SIS in reduce tilled direct seeded rice (DSR)—zero tilled wheat (ZTW) with 100% rice residue mulch (RM) (SIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), (3) MSIS in DSR and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), and (4) MSIS in DSR with 1/3rd wheat residue and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM). MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM produced 5% lower system yield, but saved 49% of the applied irrigation water, resulting in 93% higher irrigation water productivity and 38% higher input water productivity as compared to SIS-PTR/CTW. Additionally, MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM treatment recorded 38% less nitrogen use and 54% higher nitrogen use efficiency. Though the benefit cost (B:C) ratio of MSIS-DSR + R/CTW + RM is lower (1.45) compared to SIS-PTR/CTW (1.80) still it could be a feasible option in the areas having limited/scarce water for irrigation, and can bring more areas under irrigation. © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Conventional rice–wheat system (RWCS) in the western Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of India is water and nitrogen intensive. Mini-sprinkler irrigation system (MSIS) is water and nitrogen efficient and helps in achieving higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A comparative evaluation of MSIS versus surface irrigation system (SIS) was made to assess the NUE, water saving and techno-economic feasibility of the MSIS in RWCS. A four-year (2012–16) field experiment was conducted with four treatments namely, (1) SIS in puddled transplanted rice (PTR)—conventional tilled wheat (CTW) (SIS-PTR/CTW), (2) SIS in reduce tilled direct seeded rice (DSR)—zero tilled wheat (ZTW) with 100% rice residue mulch (RM) (SIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), (3) MSIS in DSR and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR/ZTW + RM), and (4) MSIS in DSR with 1/3rd wheat residue and ZTW with 100% RM (MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM). MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM produced 5% lower system yield, but saved 49% of the applied irrigation water, resulting in 93% higher irrigation water productivity and 38% higher input water productivity as compared to SIS-PTR/CTW. Additionally, MSIS-DSR + R/ZTW + RM treatment recorded 38% less nitrogen use and 54% higher nitrogen use efficiency. Though the benefit cost (B:C) ratio of MSIS-DSR + R/CTW + RM is lower (1.45) compared to SIS-PTR/CTW (1.80) still it could be a feasible option in the areas having limited/scarce water for irrigation, and can bring more areas under irrigation. © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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container_issue |
4 |
title_short |
Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation, tillage and residue on productivity, profitability and resource saving in rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India |
url |
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w |
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author2 |
Singh, Ajay Kumar, Satyendra Fagodiya, Ram K. Sheoran, Parvender Rai, Arvind Kumar Rani, Sonia Chandra, Priyanka |
author2Str |
Singh, Ajay Kumar, Satyendra Fagodiya, Ram K. Sheoran, Parvender Rai, Arvind Kumar Rani, Sonia Chandra, Priyanka |
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doi_str |
10.1007/s10333-023-00942-w |
up_date |
2024-07-03T15:52:46.594Z |
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score |
7.400943 |