Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries

Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced a high economic growth rate over the last two decades, which has been accompanied by concerns about increasing carbon dioxide ($ CO_{2} $) emissions. This study aims to find out whether renewable energy and agriculture can help reduce $ CO_{2} $ emis...
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Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Wang, Jingyi [verfasserIn] Jiang, Chenglin Li, Mingquan Zhang, Shuai Zhang, Xuebiao

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	Renewable energy consumption Agriculture CO emissions Government governance

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s) 2023

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Sustainable environment research - Tainan : Inst., 2010, 33(2023), 1 vom: 26. Sept.
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:33 ; year:2023 ; number:1 ; day:26 ; month:09

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8

Katalog-ID:	SPR053214625

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allfields	10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8 doi (DE-627)SPR053214625 (SPR)s42834-023-00193-8-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Wang, Jingyi verfasserin aut Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced a high economic growth rate over the last two decades, which has been accompanied by concerns about increasing carbon dioxide ($ CO_{2} $) emissions. This study aims to find out whether renewable energy and agriculture can help reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions for selected SSA countries. A balanced dataset incorporating $ CO_{2} $ emissions, renewable energy consumption, agricultural land per capita, GDP per capita, urbanization level and energy intensity of 38 SSA countries covering the period 2000–2019 is utilized. The differentiated-generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed as a benchmark estimation method to estimate the effects of renewable energy and agriculture on $ CO_{2} $. The regional heterogeneity analysis of countries at different income levels is then carried out. The moderating role of government governance in the energy-agriculture-environment nexus is also investigated. The following conclusions are highlighted: (1) the consumption of renewable energy can reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions, while agriculture increases them; (2) the mitigating effect of renewable energy on $ CO_{2} $ emissions is relatively larger in countries at a low income level countries than in high-income countries, while agriculture aggravates $ CO_{2} $ emissions in lower middle-income and low-income regions, but mitigates emissions in upper middle-income regions; and (3) governance quality turns the mitigating role of renewable energy use on $ CO_{2} $ emissions into an increasing one, and exaggerates the polluting effect of agriculture. Finally, the study proposes policy implications for improving renewable energy use and green agricultural growth to achieve sustainable development in SSA. Renewable energy consumption (dpeaa)DE-He213 Agriculture (dpeaa)DE-He213 CO (dpeaa)DE-He213 emissions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Government governance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jiang, Chenglin aut Li, Mingquan aut Zhang, Shuai aut Zhang, Xuebiao aut Enthalten in Sustainable environment research Tainan : Inst., 2010 33(2023), 1 vom: 26. Sept. (DE-627)678784418 (DE-600)2641138-6 2468-2039 nnns volume:33 year:2023 number:1 day:26 month:09 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 33 2023 1 26 09
spelling	10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8 doi (DE-627)SPR053214625 (SPR)s42834-023-00193-8-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Wang, Jingyi verfasserin aut Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced a high economic growth rate over the last two decades, which has been accompanied by concerns about increasing carbon dioxide ($ CO_{2} $) emissions. This study aims to find out whether renewable energy and agriculture can help reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions for selected SSA countries. A balanced dataset incorporating $ CO_{2} $ emissions, renewable energy consumption, agricultural land per capita, GDP per capita, urbanization level and energy intensity of 38 SSA countries covering the period 2000–2019 is utilized. The differentiated-generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed as a benchmark estimation method to estimate the effects of renewable energy and agriculture on $ CO_{2} $. The regional heterogeneity analysis of countries at different income levels is then carried out. The moderating role of government governance in the energy-agriculture-environment nexus is also investigated. The following conclusions are highlighted: (1) the consumption of renewable energy can reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions, while agriculture increases them; (2) the mitigating effect of renewable energy on $ CO_{2} $ emissions is relatively larger in countries at a low income level countries than in high-income countries, while agriculture aggravates $ CO_{2} $ emissions in lower middle-income and low-income regions, but mitigates emissions in upper middle-income regions; and (3) governance quality turns the mitigating role of renewable energy use on $ CO_{2} $ emissions into an increasing one, and exaggerates the polluting effect of agriculture. Finally, the study proposes policy implications for improving renewable energy use and green agricultural growth to achieve sustainable development in SSA. Renewable energy consumption (dpeaa)DE-He213 Agriculture (dpeaa)DE-He213 CO (dpeaa)DE-He213 emissions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Government governance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jiang, Chenglin aut Li, Mingquan aut Zhang, Shuai aut Zhang, Xuebiao aut Enthalten in Sustainable environment research Tainan : Inst., 2010 33(2023), 1 vom: 26. Sept. (DE-627)678784418 (DE-600)2641138-6 2468-2039 nnns volume:33 year:2023 number:1 day:26 month:09 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 33 2023 1 26 09
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8 doi (DE-627)SPR053214625 (SPR)s42834-023-00193-8-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Wang, Jingyi verfasserin aut Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced a high economic growth rate over the last two decades, which has been accompanied by concerns about increasing carbon dioxide ($ CO_{2} $) emissions. This study aims to find out whether renewable energy and agriculture can help reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions for selected SSA countries. A balanced dataset incorporating $ CO_{2} $ emissions, renewable energy consumption, agricultural land per capita, GDP per capita, urbanization level and energy intensity of 38 SSA countries covering the period 2000–2019 is utilized. The differentiated-generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed as a benchmark estimation method to estimate the effects of renewable energy and agriculture on $ CO_{2} $. The regional heterogeneity analysis of countries at different income levels is then carried out. The moderating role of government governance in the energy-agriculture-environment nexus is also investigated. The following conclusions are highlighted: (1) the consumption of renewable energy can reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions, while agriculture increases them; (2) the mitigating effect of renewable energy on $ CO_{2} $ emissions is relatively larger in countries at a low income level countries than in high-income countries, while agriculture aggravates $ CO_{2} $ emissions in lower middle-income and low-income regions, but mitigates emissions in upper middle-income regions; and (3) governance quality turns the mitigating role of renewable energy use on $ CO_{2} $ emissions into an increasing one, and exaggerates the polluting effect of agriculture. Finally, the study proposes policy implications for improving renewable energy use and green agricultural growth to achieve sustainable development in SSA. Renewable energy consumption (dpeaa)DE-He213 Agriculture (dpeaa)DE-He213 CO (dpeaa)DE-He213 emissions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Government governance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jiang, Chenglin aut Li, Mingquan aut Zhang, Shuai aut Zhang, Xuebiao aut Enthalten in Sustainable environment research Tainan : Inst., 2010 33(2023), 1 vom: 26. Sept. (DE-627)678784418 (DE-600)2641138-6 2468-2039 nnns volume:33 year:2023 number:1 day:26 month:09 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 33 2023 1 26 09
allfieldsGer	10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8 doi (DE-627)SPR053214625 (SPR)s42834-023-00193-8-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Wang, Jingyi verfasserin aut Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced a high economic growth rate over the last two decades, which has been accompanied by concerns about increasing carbon dioxide ($ CO_{2} $) emissions. This study aims to find out whether renewable energy and agriculture can help reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions for selected SSA countries. A balanced dataset incorporating $ CO_{2} $ emissions, renewable energy consumption, agricultural land per capita, GDP per capita, urbanization level and energy intensity of 38 SSA countries covering the period 2000–2019 is utilized. The differentiated-generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed as a benchmark estimation method to estimate the effects of renewable energy and agriculture on $ CO_{2} $. The regional heterogeneity analysis of countries at different income levels is then carried out. The moderating role of government governance in the energy-agriculture-environment nexus is also investigated. The following conclusions are highlighted: (1) the consumption of renewable energy can reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions, while agriculture increases them; (2) the mitigating effect of renewable energy on $ CO_{2} $ emissions is relatively larger in countries at a low income level countries than in high-income countries, while agriculture aggravates $ CO_{2} $ emissions in lower middle-income and low-income regions, but mitigates emissions in upper middle-income regions; and (3) governance quality turns the mitigating role of renewable energy use on $ CO_{2} $ emissions into an increasing one, and exaggerates the polluting effect of agriculture. Finally, the study proposes policy implications for improving renewable energy use and green agricultural growth to achieve sustainable development in SSA. Renewable energy consumption (dpeaa)DE-He213 Agriculture (dpeaa)DE-He213 CO (dpeaa)DE-He213 emissions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Government governance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jiang, Chenglin aut Li, Mingquan aut Zhang, Shuai aut Zhang, Xuebiao aut Enthalten in Sustainable environment research Tainan : Inst., 2010 33(2023), 1 vom: 26. Sept. (DE-627)678784418 (DE-600)2641138-6 2468-2039 nnns volume:33 year:2023 number:1 day:26 month:09 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 33 2023 1 26 09
allfieldsSound	10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8 doi (DE-627)SPR053214625 (SPR)s42834-023-00193-8-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Wang, Jingyi verfasserin aut Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced a high economic growth rate over the last two decades, which has been accompanied by concerns about increasing carbon dioxide ($ CO_{2} $) emissions. This study aims to find out whether renewable energy and agriculture can help reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions for selected SSA countries. A balanced dataset incorporating $ CO_{2} $ emissions, renewable energy consumption, agricultural land per capita, GDP per capita, urbanization level and energy intensity of 38 SSA countries covering the period 2000–2019 is utilized. The differentiated-generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed as a benchmark estimation method to estimate the effects of renewable energy and agriculture on $ CO_{2} $. The regional heterogeneity analysis of countries at different income levels is then carried out. The moderating role of government governance in the energy-agriculture-environment nexus is also investigated. The following conclusions are highlighted: (1) the consumption of renewable energy can reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions, while agriculture increases them; (2) the mitigating effect of renewable energy on $ CO_{2} $ emissions is relatively larger in countries at a low income level countries than in high-income countries, while agriculture aggravates $ CO_{2} $ emissions in lower middle-income and low-income regions, but mitigates emissions in upper middle-income regions; and (3) governance quality turns the mitigating role of renewable energy use on $ CO_{2} $ emissions into an increasing one, and exaggerates the polluting effect of agriculture. Finally, the study proposes policy implications for improving renewable energy use and green agricultural growth to achieve sustainable development in SSA. Renewable energy consumption (dpeaa)DE-He213 Agriculture (dpeaa)DE-He213 CO (dpeaa)DE-He213 emissions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Government governance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jiang, Chenglin aut Li, Mingquan aut Zhang, Shuai aut Zhang, Xuebiao aut Enthalten in Sustainable environment research Tainan : Inst., 2010 33(2023), 1 vom: 26. Sept. (DE-627)678784418 (DE-600)2641138-6 2468-2039 nnns volume:33 year:2023 number:1 day:26 month:09 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42834-023-00193-8 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 33 2023 1 26 09
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author	Wang, Jingyi
spellingShingle	Wang, Jingyi misc Renewable energy consumption misc Agriculture misc CO misc emissions misc Government governance Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries
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topic_title	Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries Renewable energy consumption (dpeaa)DE-He213 Agriculture (dpeaa)DE-He213 CO (dpeaa)DE-He213 emissions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Government governance (dpeaa)DE-He213
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title	Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries
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title_full	Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries
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title_sort	renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-saharan african countries
title_auth	Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries
abstract	Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced a high economic growth rate over the last two decades, which has been accompanied by concerns about increasing carbon dioxide ($ CO_{2} $) emissions. This study aims to find out whether renewable energy and agriculture can help reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions for selected SSA countries. A balanced dataset incorporating $ CO_{2} $ emissions, renewable energy consumption, agricultural land per capita, GDP per capita, urbanization level and energy intensity of 38 SSA countries covering the period 2000–2019 is utilized. The differentiated-generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed as a benchmark estimation method to estimate the effects of renewable energy and agriculture on $ CO_{2} $. The regional heterogeneity analysis of countries at different income levels is then carried out. The moderating role of government governance in the energy-agriculture-environment nexus is also investigated. The following conclusions are highlighted: (1) the consumption of renewable energy can reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions, while agriculture increases them; (2) the mitigating effect of renewable energy on $ CO_{2} $ emissions is relatively larger in countries at a low income level countries than in high-income countries, while agriculture aggravates $ CO_{2} $ emissions in lower middle-income and low-income regions, but mitigates emissions in upper middle-income regions; and (3) governance quality turns the mitigating role of renewable energy use on $ CO_{2} $ emissions into an increasing one, and exaggerates the polluting effect of agriculture. Finally, the study proposes policy implications for improving renewable energy use and green agricultural growth to achieve sustainable development in SSA. © The Author(s) 2023
abstractGer	Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced a high economic growth rate over the last two decades, which has been accompanied by concerns about increasing carbon dioxide ($ CO_{2} $) emissions. This study aims to find out whether renewable energy and agriculture can help reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions for selected SSA countries. A balanced dataset incorporating $ CO_{2} $ emissions, renewable energy consumption, agricultural land per capita, GDP per capita, urbanization level and energy intensity of 38 SSA countries covering the period 2000–2019 is utilized. The differentiated-generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed as a benchmark estimation method to estimate the effects of renewable energy and agriculture on $ CO_{2} $. The regional heterogeneity analysis of countries at different income levels is then carried out. The moderating role of government governance in the energy-agriculture-environment nexus is also investigated. The following conclusions are highlighted: (1) the consumption of renewable energy can reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions, while agriculture increases them; (2) the mitigating effect of renewable energy on $ CO_{2} $ emissions is relatively larger in countries at a low income level countries than in high-income countries, while agriculture aggravates $ CO_{2} $ emissions in lower middle-income and low-income regions, but mitigates emissions in upper middle-income regions; and (3) governance quality turns the mitigating role of renewable energy use on $ CO_{2} $ emissions into an increasing one, and exaggerates the polluting effect of agriculture. Finally, the study proposes policy implications for improving renewable energy use and green agricultural growth to achieve sustainable development in SSA. © The Author(s) 2023
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced a high economic growth rate over the last two decades, which has been accompanied by concerns about increasing carbon dioxide ($ CO_{2} $) emissions. This study aims to find out whether renewable energy and agriculture can help reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions for selected SSA countries. A balanced dataset incorporating $ CO_{2} $ emissions, renewable energy consumption, agricultural land per capita, GDP per capita, urbanization level and energy intensity of 38 SSA countries covering the period 2000–2019 is utilized. The differentiated-generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed as a benchmark estimation method to estimate the effects of renewable energy and agriculture on $ CO_{2} $. The regional heterogeneity analysis of countries at different income levels is then carried out. The moderating role of government governance in the energy-agriculture-environment nexus is also investigated. The following conclusions are highlighted: (1) the consumption of renewable energy can reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions, while agriculture increases them; (2) the mitigating effect of renewable energy on $ CO_{2} $ emissions is relatively larger in countries at a low income level countries than in high-income countries, while agriculture aggravates $ CO_{2} $ emissions in lower middle-income and low-income regions, but mitigates emissions in upper middle-income regions; and (3) governance quality turns the mitigating role of renewable energy use on $ CO_{2} $ emissions into an increasing one, and exaggerates the polluting effect of agriculture. Finally, the study proposes policy implications for improving renewable energy use and green agricultural growth to achieve sustainable development in SSA. © The Author(s) 2023
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title_short	Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries
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author2	Jiang, Chenglin Li, Mingquan Zhang, Shuai Zhang, Xuebiao
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Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries

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