Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning

Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Wang, Hao [verfasserIn] Li, Min Wei, Na Han, Shin-Chan Zhao, Qile

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	Ocean tide loading displacement Galileo/GPS/GLONASS Kinematic and static PPP Undifferenced ambiguity resolution

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: GPS solutions - Berlin : Springer, 1995, 28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov.
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:28 ; year:2023 ; number:1 ; day:11 ; month:11

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5

Katalog-ID:	SPR053705521

Internformat


LEADER	01000caa a22002652 4500
001	SPR053705521
003	DE-627
005	20240128070226.0
007	cr uuu---uuuuu
008	231112s2023 xx \|\|\|\|\|o 00\| \|\|eng c
024	7		\|a 10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 \|2 doi
035			\|a (DE-627)SPR053705521
035			\|a (SPR)s10291-023-01568-5-e
040			\|a DE-627 \|b ger \|c DE-627 \|e rakwb
041			\|a eng
100	1		\|a Wang, Hao \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
245	1	0	\|a Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning
264		1	\|c 2023
336			\|a Text \|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|a Computermedien \|b c \|2 rdamedia
338			\|a Online-Ressource \|b cr \|2 rdacarrier
500			\|a © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
520			\|a Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes.
650		4	\|a Ocean tide loading displacement \|7 (dpeaa)DE-He213
650		4	\|a Galileo/GPS/GLONASS \|7 (dpeaa)DE-He213
650		4	\|a Kinematic and static PPP \|7 (dpeaa)DE-He213
650		4	\|a Undifferenced ambiguity resolution \|7 (dpeaa)DE-He213
700	1		\|a Li, Min \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Wei, Na \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Han, Shin-Chan \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Zhao, Qile \|4 aut
773	0	8	\|i Enthalten in \|t GPS solutions \|d Berlin : Springer, 1995 \|g 28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov. \|w (DE-627)357170016 \|w (DE-600)2094351-9 \|x 1521-1886 \|7 nnns
773	1	8	\|g volume:28 \|g year:2023 \|g number:1 \|g day:11 \|g month:11
856	4	0	\|u https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 \|z lizenzpflichtig \|3 Volltext
912			\|a GBV_USEFLAG_A
912			\|a SYSFLAG_A
912			\|a GBV_SPRINGER
912			\|a GBV_ILN_11
912			\|a GBV_ILN_20
912			\|a GBV_ILN_22
912			\|a GBV_ILN_23
912			\|a GBV_ILN_24
912			\|a GBV_ILN_31
912			\|a GBV_ILN_32
912			\|a GBV_ILN_39
912			\|a GBV_ILN_40
912			\|a GBV_ILN_60
912			\|a GBV_ILN_62
912			\|a GBV_ILN_63
912			\|a GBV_ILN_65
912			\|a GBV_ILN_69
912			\|a GBV_ILN_70
912			\|a GBV_ILN_73
912			\|a GBV_ILN_74
912			\|a GBV_ILN_90
912			\|a GBV_ILN_95
912			\|a GBV_ILN_100
912			\|a GBV_ILN_105
912			\|a GBV_ILN_110
912			\|a GBV_ILN_120
912			\|a GBV_ILN_138
912			\|a GBV_ILN_150
912			\|a GBV_ILN_151
912			\|a GBV_ILN_152
912			\|a GBV_ILN_161
912			\|a GBV_ILN_170
912			\|a GBV_ILN_171
912			\|a GBV_ILN_187
912			\|a GBV_ILN_213
912			\|a GBV_ILN_224
912			\|a GBV_ILN_230
912			\|a GBV_ILN_250
912			\|a GBV_ILN_267
912			\|a GBV_ILN_281
912			\|a GBV_ILN_285
912			\|a GBV_ILN_293
912			\|a GBV_ILN_370
912			\|a GBV_ILN_602
912			\|a GBV_ILN_636
912			\|a GBV_ILN_702
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2001
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2003
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2004
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2005
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2006
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2007
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2008
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2009
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2010
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2011
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2014
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2015
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2020
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2021
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2025
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2026
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2027
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2031
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2034
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2037
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2038
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2039
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2044
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2048
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2049
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2050
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2055
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2056
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2057
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2059
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2061
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2064
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2065
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2068
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2088
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2093
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2106
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2107
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2108
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2110
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2111
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2112
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2113
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2118
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2122
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2129
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2143
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2144
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2147
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2148
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2152
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2153
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2188
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2190
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2232
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2336
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2446
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2470
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2472
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2507
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2522
912			\|a GBV_ILN_2548
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4035
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4037
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4046
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4112
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4125
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4126
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4242
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4246
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4249
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4251
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4305
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4306
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4307
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4313
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4322
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4323
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4324
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4325
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4326
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4328
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4333
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4334
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4335
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4336
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4338
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4393
912			\|a GBV_ILN_4700
951			\|a AR
952			\|d 28 \|j 2023 \|e 1 \|b 11 \|c 11

Indexfelder

author_variant	h w hw m l ml n w nw s c h sch q z qz
matchkey_str	article:15211886:2023----::mrvdsiainfcatdlaigipaeetuigutgsknmtcnsa
hierarchy_sort_str	2023
publishDate	2023
allfields	10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 doi (DE-627)SPR053705521 (SPR)s10291-023-01568-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Wang, Hao verfasserin aut Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes. Ocean tide loading displacement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Galileo/GPS/GLONASS (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kinematic and static PPP (dpeaa)DE-He213 Undifferenced ambiguity resolution (dpeaa)DE-He213 Li, Min aut Wei, Na aut Han, Shin-Chan aut Zhao, Qile aut Enthalten in GPS solutions Berlin : Springer, 1995 28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov. (DE-627)357170016 (DE-600)2094351-9 1521-1886 nnns volume:28 year:2023 number:1 day:11 month:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 28 2023 1 11 11
spelling	10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 doi (DE-627)SPR053705521 (SPR)s10291-023-01568-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Wang, Hao verfasserin aut Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes. Ocean tide loading displacement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Galileo/GPS/GLONASS (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kinematic and static PPP (dpeaa)DE-He213 Undifferenced ambiguity resolution (dpeaa)DE-He213 Li, Min aut Wei, Na aut Han, Shin-Chan aut Zhao, Qile aut Enthalten in GPS solutions Berlin : Springer, 1995 28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov. (DE-627)357170016 (DE-600)2094351-9 1521-1886 nnns volume:28 year:2023 number:1 day:11 month:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 28 2023 1 11 11
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 doi (DE-627)SPR053705521 (SPR)s10291-023-01568-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Wang, Hao verfasserin aut Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes. Ocean tide loading displacement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Galileo/GPS/GLONASS (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kinematic and static PPP (dpeaa)DE-He213 Undifferenced ambiguity resolution (dpeaa)DE-He213 Li, Min aut Wei, Na aut Han, Shin-Chan aut Zhao, Qile aut Enthalten in GPS solutions Berlin : Springer, 1995 28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov. (DE-627)357170016 (DE-600)2094351-9 1521-1886 nnns volume:28 year:2023 number:1 day:11 month:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 28 2023 1 11 11
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 doi (DE-627)SPR053705521 (SPR)s10291-023-01568-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Wang, Hao verfasserin aut Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes. Ocean tide loading displacement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Galileo/GPS/GLONASS (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kinematic and static PPP (dpeaa)DE-He213 Undifferenced ambiguity resolution (dpeaa)DE-He213 Li, Min aut Wei, Na aut Han, Shin-Chan aut Zhao, Qile aut Enthalten in GPS solutions Berlin : Springer, 1995 28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov. (DE-627)357170016 (DE-600)2094351-9 1521-1886 nnns volume:28 year:2023 number:1 day:11 month:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 28 2023 1 11 11
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 doi (DE-627)SPR053705521 (SPR)s10291-023-01568-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Wang, Hao verfasserin aut Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes. Ocean tide loading displacement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Galileo/GPS/GLONASS (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kinematic and static PPP (dpeaa)DE-He213 Undifferenced ambiguity resolution (dpeaa)DE-He213 Li, Min aut Wei, Na aut Han, Shin-Chan aut Zhao, Qile aut Enthalten in GPS solutions Berlin : Springer, 1995 28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov. (DE-627)357170016 (DE-600)2094351-9 1521-1886 nnns volume:28 year:2023 number:1 day:11 month:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 28 2023 1 11 11
language	English
source	Enthalten in GPS solutions 28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov. volume:28 year:2023 number:1 day:11 month:11
sourceStr	Enthalten in GPS solutions 28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov. volume:28 year:2023 number:1 day:11 month:11
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Ocean tide loading displacement Galileo/GPS/GLONASS Kinematic and static PPP Undifferenced ambiguity resolution
isfreeaccess_bool	false
container_title	GPS solutions
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Wang, Hao @@aut@@ Li, Min @@aut@@ Wei, Na @@aut@@ Han, Shin-Chan @@aut@@ Zhao, Qile @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2023-11-11T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	357170016
id	SPR053705521
language_de	englisch
fullrecord	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01000caa a22002652 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">SPR053705521</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-627</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240128070226.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">231112s2023 xx \|\|\|\|\|o 00\| \|\|eng c</controlfield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-627)SPR053705521</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(SPR)s10291-023-01568-5-e</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="c">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wang, Hao</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Ocean tide loading displacement</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Galileo/GPS/GLONASS</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Kinematic and static PPP</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Undifferenced ambiguity resolution</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Li, Min</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wei, Na</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Han, Shin-Chan</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zhao, Qile</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">GPS solutions</subfield><subfield code="d">Berlin : Springer, 1995</subfield><subfield code="g">28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov.</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-627)357170016</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-600)2094351-9</subfield><subfield code="x">1521-1886</subfield><subfield code="7">nnns</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="1" ind2="8"><subfield code="g">volume:28</subfield><subfield code="g">year:2023</subfield><subfield code="g">number:1</subfield><subfield code="g">day:11</subfield><subfield code="g">month:11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5</subfield><subfield code="z">lizenzpflichtig</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_USEFLAG_A</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">SYSFLAG_A</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_SPRINGER</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_20</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_24</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_31</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_32</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_39</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_40</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_60</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_62</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_63</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_65</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_69</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_70</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_73</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_74</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_90</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_95</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_100</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_105</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_110</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_120</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_138</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_150</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_151</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_152</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_161</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_170</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_171</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_187</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_224</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_230</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_250</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_267</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_281</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_285</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_293</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_370</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_602</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_636</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_702</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2001</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2003</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2004</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2005</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2006</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2008</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2009</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2010</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2011</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2014</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2015</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2021</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2025</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2026</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2027</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2031</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2034</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2037</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2038</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2039</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2044</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2048</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2049</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2050</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2055</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2056</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2057</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2059</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2061</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2064</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2065</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2068</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2088</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2093</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2106</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2107</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2108</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2110</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2111</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2112</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2113</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2118</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2122</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2129</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2143</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2144</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2147</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2148</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2152</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2153</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2190</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2232</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2336</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2446</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2470</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2472</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2507</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2522</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2548</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4035</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4037</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4046</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4112</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4125</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4126</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4242</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4246</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4249</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4251</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4305</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4306</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4307</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4313</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4322</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4323</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4324</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4325</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4326</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4328</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4333</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4334</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4335</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4336</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4338</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4393</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4700</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="951" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">AR</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="952" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="d">28</subfield><subfield code="j">2023</subfield><subfield code="e">1</subfield><subfield code="b">11</subfield><subfield code="c">11</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
author	Wang, Hao
spellingShingle	Wang, Hao misc Ocean tide loading displacement misc Galileo/GPS/GLONASS misc Kinematic and static PPP misc Undifferenced ambiguity resolution Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning
authorStr	Wang, Hao
ppnlink_with_tag_str_mv	@@773@@(DE-627)357170016
format	electronic Article
delete_txt_mv	keep
author_role	aut aut aut aut aut
collection	springer
remote_str	true
illustrated	Not Illustrated
issn	1521-1886
topic_title	Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning Ocean tide loading displacement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Galileo/GPS/GLONASS (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kinematic and static PPP (dpeaa)DE-He213 Undifferenced ambiguity resolution (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	misc Ocean tide loading displacement misc Galileo/GPS/GLONASS misc Kinematic and static PPP misc Undifferenced ambiguity resolution
topic_unstemmed	misc Ocean tide loading displacement misc Galileo/GPS/GLONASS misc Kinematic and static PPP misc Undifferenced ambiguity resolution
topic_browse	misc Ocean tide loading displacement misc Galileo/GPS/GLONASS misc Kinematic and static PPP misc Undifferenced ambiguity resolution
format_facet	Elektronische Aufsätze Aufsätze Elektronische Ressource
format_main_str_mv	Text Zeitschrift/Artikel
carriertype_str_mv	cr
hierarchy_parent_title	GPS solutions
hierarchy_parent_id	357170016
hierarchy_top_title	GPS solutions
isfreeaccess_txt	false
familylinks_str_mv	(DE-627)357170016 (DE-600)2094351-9
title	Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning
ctrlnum	(DE-627)SPR053705521 (SPR)s10291-023-01568-5-e
title_full	Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning
author_sort	Wang, Hao
journal	GPS solutions
journalStr	GPS solutions
lang_code	eng
isOA_bool	false
recordtype	marc
publishDateSort	2023
contenttype_str_mv	txt
author_browse	Wang, Hao Li, Min Wei, Na Han, Shin-Chan Zhao, Qile
container_volume	28
format_se	Elektronische Aufsätze
author-letter	Wang, Hao
doi_str_mv	10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5
title_sort	improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-gnss kinematic and static precise point positioning
title_auth	Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning
abstract	Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
abstractGer	Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
collection_details	GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700
container_issue	1
title_short	Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning
url	https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5
remote_bool	true
author2	Li, Min Wei, Na Han, Shin-Chan Zhao, Qile
author2Str	Li, Min Wei, Na Han, Shin-Chan Zhao, Qile
ppnlink	357170016
mediatype_str_mv	c
isOA_txt	false
hochschulschrift_bool	false
doi_str	10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5
up_date	2024-07-03T21:26:27.410Z
_version_	1803594746995671040
fullrecord_marcxml	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01000caa a22002652 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">SPR053705521</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-627</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240128070226.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">231112s2023 xx \|\|\|\|\|o 00\| \|\|eng c</controlfield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-627)SPR053705521</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(SPR)s10291-023-01568-5-e</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="c">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wang, Hao</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract Multi-GNSS solutions are typically considered to improve GPS-only ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, as they effectively mitigate the constraints imposed by the single-system GPS orbital configuration on resolving various tidal constituents. Most of such solutions, however, are ambiguity-float solutions, particularly affecting the solar tidal constituents (K2, S2, K1, P1) for which the ambiguity resolution (AR) is critical. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTL displacements derived from the single-system and multi-GNSS solutions by processing 2.5 years of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo observations from 49 global GNSS stations using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) with undifferenced AR. Our results show that Galileo improves over GPS by 0.2–0.5 mm for solar tidal constituents (excluding the S2 up component) compared to FES2014b model predictions. GPS + Galileo outperforms GPS, Galileo, GPS + GLONASS and GLONASS + Galileo for most tidal constituents, except for K2 where Galileo and GLONASS + Galileo hold a slight advantage. Ambiguity-float GLONASS limits improvements in results after combining with GPS or Galileo. Despite this, GPS + GLONASS + Galileo with the largest number of visible satellites estimates the best vertical OTL displacements. Since short-term (a few hours) static PPP can provide position time series with sufficient accuracy and temporal resolution while rarely used for OTL estimation, we also compare the results from kinematic and static PPP. Indeed we find that the static PPP with a suitable processing session of 1–2 h can estimate OTL displacements (excluding K2) better than the kinematic PPP. Although the static PPP of 3–4 h is too long to capture M2, N2 and S2 tidal variation without aliasing, the proposed amplitude correction can well correct these tidal constituents. Finally, we report that the residual OTL displacements are generally larger at low latitudes (30°S–30°N) than at mid/high latitudes (30°–90°N/S), possibly associated with S2 atmospheric tide loading effects and higher positioning noise at low latitudes.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Ocean tide loading displacement</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Galileo/GPS/GLONASS</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Kinematic and static PPP</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Undifferenced ambiguity resolution</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Li, Min</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wei, Na</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Han, Shin-Chan</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zhao, Qile</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">GPS solutions</subfield><subfield code="d">Berlin : Springer, 1995</subfield><subfield code="g">28(2023), 1 vom: 11. Nov.</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-627)357170016</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-600)2094351-9</subfield><subfield code="x">1521-1886</subfield><subfield code="7">nnns</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="1" ind2="8"><subfield code="g">volume:28</subfield><subfield code="g">year:2023</subfield><subfield code="g">number:1</subfield><subfield code="g">day:11</subfield><subfield code="g">month:11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01568-5</subfield><subfield code="z">lizenzpflichtig</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_USEFLAG_A</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">SYSFLAG_A</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_SPRINGER</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_20</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_24</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_31</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_32</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_39</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_40</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_60</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_62</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_63</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_65</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_69</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_70</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_73</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_74</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_90</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_95</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_100</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_105</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_110</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_120</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_138</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_150</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_151</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_152</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_161</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_170</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_171</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_187</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_224</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_230</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_250</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_267</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_281</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_285</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_293</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_370</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_602</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_636</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_702</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2001</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2003</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2004</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2005</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2006</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2008</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2009</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2010</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2011</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2014</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2015</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2021</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2025</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2026</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2027</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2031</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2034</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2037</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2038</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2039</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2044</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2048</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2049</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2050</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2055</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2056</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2057</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2059</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2061</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2064</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2065</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2068</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2088</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2093</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2106</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2107</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2108</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2110</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2111</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2112</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2113</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2118</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2122</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2129</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2143</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2144</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2147</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2148</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2152</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2153</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2190</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2232</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2336</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2446</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2470</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2472</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2507</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2522</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2548</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4035</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4037</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4046</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4112</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4125</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4126</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4242</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4246</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4249</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4251</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4305</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4306</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4307</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4313</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4322</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4323</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4324</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4325</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4326</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4328</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4333</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4334</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4335</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4336</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4338</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4393</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4700</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="951" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">AR</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="952" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="d">28</subfield><subfield code="j">2023</subfield><subfield code="e">1</subfield><subfield code="b">11</subfield><subfield code="c">11</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
score	7.4002523

Nicht das Richtige dabei?

Schreiben Sie uns!

Improved estimation of ocean tide loading displacements using multi-GNSS kinematic and static precise point positioning

Nicht das Richtige dabei?

Zugang & Verfügbarkeit

Vorhandene Bände

Nicht das Richtige dabei?