Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes
Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primar...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Qiao, Zhao-Peng [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2023 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) |
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| Anmerkung: |
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Nuclear science and techniques - Singapore : Springer, 2006, 34(2023), 12 vom: 30. Nov. |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:34 ; year:2023 ; number:12 ; day:30 ; month:11 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w |
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| Katalog-ID: |
SPR053915062 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report, issued in 2001 for reactor neutron sources. Based on this report, the latest perspectives and clinical requirements, we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam energy. The design was based on a 2.8 MeV, 20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly (BSA) which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators, back reflectors, filters, and collimators. The simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment, which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator, possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 keV. When utilizing a thinner moderator, a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment requirements. However, higher powers reduced the treatment time. In contrast, employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin dose. In scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams, the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam port. And the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different thicknesses. Hence, this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial tumors. Overall, the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Beam shaping assembly (BSA) |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Treatment depth |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Jiang, Quan-Xu |4 aut | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Liu, Rui-Rui |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wang, Bo |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wang, Sheng |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w doi (DE-627)SPR053915062 (SPR)s41365-023-01325-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Qiao, Zhao-Peng verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-8741-1341 aut Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report, issued in 2001 for reactor neutron sources. Based on this report, the latest perspectives and clinical requirements, we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam energy. The design was based on a 2.8 MeV, 20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly (BSA) which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators, back reflectors, filters, and collimators. The simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment, which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator, possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 keV. When utilizing a thinner moderator, a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment requirements. However, higher powers reduced the treatment time. In contrast, employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin dose. In scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams, the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam port. And the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different thicknesses. Hence, this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial tumors. Overall, the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Beam shaping assembly (BSA) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Treatment depth (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hu, Yao-Cheng aut Jiang, Quan-Xu aut Fan, Jing-Jing aut Murata, Isao aut Liu, Rui-Rui aut Wang, Bo aut Wang, Sheng aut Enthalten in Nuclear science and techniques Singapore : Springer, 2006 34(2023), 12 vom: 30. Nov. (DE-627)513219439 (DE-600)2238719-5 2210-3147 nnns volume:34 year:2023 number:12 day:30 month:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 34 2023 12 30 11 |
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10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w doi (DE-627)SPR053915062 (SPR)s41365-023-01325-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Qiao, Zhao-Peng verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-8741-1341 aut Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report, issued in 2001 for reactor neutron sources. Based on this report, the latest perspectives and clinical requirements, we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam energy. The design was based on a 2.8 MeV, 20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly (BSA) which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators, back reflectors, filters, and collimators. The simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment, which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator, possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 keV. When utilizing a thinner moderator, a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment requirements. However, higher powers reduced the treatment time. In contrast, employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin dose. In scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams, the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam port. And the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different thicknesses. Hence, this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial tumors. Overall, the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Beam shaping assembly (BSA) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Treatment depth (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hu, Yao-Cheng aut Jiang, Quan-Xu aut Fan, Jing-Jing aut Murata, Isao aut Liu, Rui-Rui aut Wang, Bo aut Wang, Sheng aut Enthalten in Nuclear science and techniques Singapore : Springer, 2006 34(2023), 12 vom: 30. Nov. (DE-627)513219439 (DE-600)2238719-5 2210-3147 nnns volume:34 year:2023 number:12 day:30 month:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 34 2023 12 30 11 |
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10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w doi (DE-627)SPR053915062 (SPR)s41365-023-01325-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Qiao, Zhao-Peng verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-8741-1341 aut Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report, issued in 2001 for reactor neutron sources. Based on this report, the latest perspectives and clinical requirements, we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam energy. The design was based on a 2.8 MeV, 20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly (BSA) which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators, back reflectors, filters, and collimators. The simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment, which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator, possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 keV. When utilizing a thinner moderator, a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment requirements. However, higher powers reduced the treatment time. In contrast, employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin dose. In scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams, the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam port. And the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different thicknesses. Hence, this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial tumors. Overall, the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Beam shaping assembly (BSA) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Treatment depth (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hu, Yao-Cheng aut Jiang, Quan-Xu aut Fan, Jing-Jing aut Murata, Isao aut Liu, Rui-Rui aut Wang, Bo aut Wang, Sheng aut Enthalten in Nuclear science and techniques Singapore : Springer, 2006 34(2023), 12 vom: 30. Nov. (DE-627)513219439 (DE-600)2238719-5 2210-3147 nnns volume:34 year:2023 number:12 day:30 month:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 34 2023 12 30 11 |
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10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w doi (DE-627)SPR053915062 (SPR)s41365-023-01325-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Qiao, Zhao-Peng verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-8741-1341 aut Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report, issued in 2001 for reactor neutron sources. Based on this report, the latest perspectives and clinical requirements, we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam energy. The design was based on a 2.8 MeV, 20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly (BSA) which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators, back reflectors, filters, and collimators. The simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment, which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator, possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 keV. When utilizing a thinner moderator, a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment requirements. However, higher powers reduced the treatment time. In contrast, employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin dose. In scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams, the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam port. And the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different thicknesses. Hence, this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial tumors. Overall, the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Beam shaping assembly (BSA) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Treatment depth (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hu, Yao-Cheng aut Jiang, Quan-Xu aut Fan, Jing-Jing aut Murata, Isao aut Liu, Rui-Rui aut Wang, Bo aut Wang, Sheng aut Enthalten in Nuclear science and techniques Singapore : Springer, 2006 34(2023), 12 vom: 30. Nov. (DE-627)513219439 (DE-600)2238719-5 2210-3147 nnns volume:34 year:2023 number:12 day:30 month:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 34 2023 12 30 11 |
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10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w doi (DE-627)SPR053915062 (SPR)s41365-023-01325-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Qiao, Zhao-Peng verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-8741-1341 aut Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report, issued in 2001 for reactor neutron sources. Based on this report, the latest perspectives and clinical requirements, we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam energy. The design was based on a 2.8 MeV, 20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly (BSA) which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators, back reflectors, filters, and collimators. The simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment, which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator, possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 keV. When utilizing a thinner moderator, a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment requirements. However, higher powers reduced the treatment time. In contrast, employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin dose. In scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams, the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam port. And the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different thicknesses. Hence, this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial tumors. Overall, the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Beam shaping assembly (BSA) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Treatment depth (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hu, Yao-Cheng aut Jiang, Quan-Xu aut Fan, Jing-Jing aut Murata, Isao aut Liu, Rui-Rui aut Wang, Bo aut Wang, Sheng aut Enthalten in Nuclear science and techniques Singapore : Springer, 2006 34(2023), 12 vom: 30. Nov. (DE-627)513219439 (DE-600)2238719-5 2210-3147 nnns volume:34 year:2023 number:12 day:30 month:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 34 2023 12 30 11 |
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(Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report, issued in 2001 for reactor neutron sources. Based on this report, the latest perspectives and clinical requirements, we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam energy. The design was based on a 2.8 MeV, 20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly (BSA) which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators, back reflectors, filters, and collimators. The simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment, which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator, possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 keV. When utilizing a thinner moderator, a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment requirements. However, higher powers reduced the treatment time. In contrast, employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin dose. In scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams, the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam port. And the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different thicknesses. Hence, this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial tumors. Overall, the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT)</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS)</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Beam shaping assembly (BSA)</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Treatment depth</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hu, Yao-Cheng</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Jiang, Quan-Xu</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fan, Jing-Jing</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Murata, Isao</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Liu, Rui-Rui</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wang, Bo</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wang, Sheng</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">Nuclear science and techniques</subfield><subfield code="d">Singapore : Springer, 2006</subfield><subfield code="g">34(2023), 12 vom: 30. 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Qiao, Zhao-Peng |
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Qiao, Zhao-Peng misc Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) misc Accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) misc Beam shaping assembly (BSA) misc Treatment depth Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes |
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Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Beam shaping assembly (BSA) (dpeaa)DE-He213 Treatment depth (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes |
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Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes |
| abstract |
Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report, issued in 2001 for reactor neutron sources. Based on this report, the latest perspectives and clinical requirements, we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam energy. The design was based on a 2.8 MeV, 20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly (BSA) which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators, back reflectors, filters, and collimators. The simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment, which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator, possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 keV. When utilizing a thinner moderator, a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment requirements. However, higher powers reduced the treatment time. In contrast, employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin dose. In scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams, the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam port. And the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different thicknesses. Hence, this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial tumors. Overall, the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
| abstractGer |
Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report, issued in 2001 for reactor neutron sources. Based on this report, the latest perspectives and clinical requirements, we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam energy. The design was based on a 2.8 MeV, 20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly (BSA) which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators, back reflectors, filters, and collimators. The simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment, which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator, possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 keV. When utilizing a thinner moderator, a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment requirements. However, higher powers reduced the treatment time. In contrast, employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin dose. In scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams, the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam port. And the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different thicknesses. Hence, this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial tumors. Overall, the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract In the past decade, boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS) designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other cancers. The specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report, issued in 2001 for reactor neutron sources. Based on this report, the latest perspectives and clinical requirements, we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam energy. The design was based on a 2.8 MeV, 20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly (BSA) which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators, back reflectors, filters, and collimators. The simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment, which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator, possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 keV. When utilizing a thinner moderator, a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment requirements. However, higher powers reduced the treatment time. In contrast, employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin dose. In scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams, the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam port. And the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different thicknesses. Hence, this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial tumors. Overall, the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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12 |
| title_short |
Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes |
| url |
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w |
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Hu, Yao-Cheng Jiang, Quan-Xu Fan, Jing-Jing Murata, Isao Liu, Rui-Rui Wang, Bo Wang, Sheng |
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Hu, Yao-Cheng Jiang, Quan-Xu Fan, Jing-Jing Murata, Isao Liu, Rui-Rui Wang, Bo Wang, Sheng |
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10.1007/s41365-023-01325-w |
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2024-07-03T22:53:06.938Z |
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| score |
7.4000654 |