A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae

Background Immaturities present at birth, such as in the gut microbiome and digestive, nervous, and immune system, resolve with time. Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7805), linked to https://trialsearch.who.int/, on 11/06/2019. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Maasakkers, Carlijn M. [verfasserIn] Hageman, Jeske H.J. Balcazar Muñoz, Olivia Gómez Tamayo, Tomás Blanco Montero, Andrés Garza Lara, Luis Gerardo Flores-López, Regina Contreras Fernández, Miriam Morán Ramos, Sofía Lambers, Tim T.

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	Infant nutrition Digestive symptoms Fecal characteristics Infant formula

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s) 2023

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: BMC pediatrics - London : BioMed Central, 2001, 23(2023), 1 vom: 15. Dez.
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:23 ; year:2023 ; number:1 ; day:15 ; month:12

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y

Katalog-ID:	SPR054105056

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520			\|a Background Immaturities present at birth, such as in the gut microbiome and digestive, nervous, and immune system, resolve with time. Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7805), linked to https://trialsearch.who.int/, on 11/06/2019.
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allfields	10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y doi (DE-627)SPR054105056 (SPR)s12887-023-04426-y-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Maasakkers, Carlijn M. verfasserin aut A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background Immaturities present at birth, such as in the gut microbiome and digestive, nervous, and immune system, resolve with time. Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7805), linked to https://trialsearch.who.int/, on 11/06/2019. Infant nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Digestive symptoms (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fecal characteristics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Infant formula (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hageman, Jeske H.J. aut Balcazar Muñoz, Olivia aut Gómez Tamayo, Tomás aut Blanco Montero, Andrés aut Garza Lara, Luis Gerardo aut Flores-López, Regina aut Contreras Fernández, Miriam aut Morán Ramos, Sofía aut Lambers, Tim T. aut Enthalten in BMC pediatrics London : BioMed Central, 2001 23(2023), 1 vom: 15. Dez. (DE-627)326643621 (DE-600)2041342-7 1471-2431 nnns volume:23 year:2023 number:1 day:15 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2023 1 15 12
spelling	10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y doi (DE-627)SPR054105056 (SPR)s12887-023-04426-y-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Maasakkers, Carlijn M. verfasserin aut A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background Immaturities present at birth, such as in the gut microbiome and digestive, nervous, and immune system, resolve with time. Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7805), linked to https://trialsearch.who.int/, on 11/06/2019. Infant nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Digestive symptoms (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fecal characteristics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Infant formula (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hageman, Jeske H.J. aut Balcazar Muñoz, Olivia aut Gómez Tamayo, Tomás aut Blanco Montero, Andrés aut Garza Lara, Luis Gerardo aut Flores-López, Regina aut Contreras Fernández, Miriam aut Morán Ramos, Sofía aut Lambers, Tim T. aut Enthalten in BMC pediatrics London : BioMed Central, 2001 23(2023), 1 vom: 15. Dez. (DE-627)326643621 (DE-600)2041342-7 1471-2431 nnns volume:23 year:2023 number:1 day:15 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2023 1 15 12
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y doi (DE-627)SPR054105056 (SPR)s12887-023-04426-y-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Maasakkers, Carlijn M. verfasserin aut A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background Immaturities present at birth, such as in the gut microbiome and digestive, nervous, and immune system, resolve with time. Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7805), linked to https://trialsearch.who.int/, on 11/06/2019. Infant nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Digestive symptoms (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fecal characteristics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Infant formula (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hageman, Jeske H.J. aut Balcazar Muñoz, Olivia aut Gómez Tamayo, Tomás aut Blanco Montero, Andrés aut Garza Lara, Luis Gerardo aut Flores-López, Regina aut Contreras Fernández, Miriam aut Morán Ramos, Sofía aut Lambers, Tim T. aut Enthalten in BMC pediatrics London : BioMed Central, 2001 23(2023), 1 vom: 15. Dez. (DE-627)326643621 (DE-600)2041342-7 1471-2431 nnns volume:23 year:2023 number:1 day:15 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2023 1 15 12
allfieldsGer	10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y doi (DE-627)SPR054105056 (SPR)s12887-023-04426-y-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Maasakkers, Carlijn M. verfasserin aut A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background Immaturities present at birth, such as in the gut microbiome and digestive, nervous, and immune system, resolve with time. Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7805), linked to https://trialsearch.who.int/, on 11/06/2019. Infant nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Digestive symptoms (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fecal characteristics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Infant formula (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hageman, Jeske H.J. aut Balcazar Muñoz, Olivia aut Gómez Tamayo, Tomás aut Blanco Montero, Andrés aut Garza Lara, Luis Gerardo aut Flores-López, Regina aut Contreras Fernández, Miriam aut Morán Ramos, Sofía aut Lambers, Tim T. aut Enthalten in BMC pediatrics London : BioMed Central, 2001 23(2023), 1 vom: 15. Dez. (DE-627)326643621 (DE-600)2041342-7 1471-2431 nnns volume:23 year:2023 number:1 day:15 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2023 1 15 12
allfieldsSound	10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y doi (DE-627)SPR054105056 (SPR)s12887-023-04426-y-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Maasakkers, Carlijn M. verfasserin aut A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Background Immaturities present at birth, such as in the gut microbiome and digestive, nervous, and immune system, resolve with time. Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7805), linked to https://trialsearch.who.int/, on 11/06/2019. Infant nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Digestive symptoms (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fecal characteristics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Infant formula (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hageman, Jeske H.J. aut Balcazar Muñoz, Olivia aut Gómez Tamayo, Tomás aut Blanco Montero, Andrés aut Garza Lara, Luis Gerardo aut Flores-López, Regina aut Contreras Fernández, Miriam aut Morán Ramos, Sofía aut Lambers, Tim T. aut Enthalten in BMC pediatrics London : BioMed Central, 2001 23(2023), 1 vom: 15. Dez. (DE-627)326643621 (DE-600)2041342-7 1471-2431 nnns volume:23 year:2023 number:1 day:15 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2023 1 15 12
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Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. 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author	Maasakkers, Carlijn M.
spellingShingle	Maasakkers, Carlijn M. misc Infant nutrition misc Digestive symptoms misc Fecal characteristics misc Infant formula A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae
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topic_title	A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae Infant nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Digestive symptoms (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fecal characteristics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Infant formula (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	misc Infant nutrition misc Digestive symptoms misc Fecal characteristics misc Infant formula
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title	A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae
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title_full	A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae
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author_browse	Maasakkers, Carlijn M. Hageman, Jeske H.J. Balcazar Muñoz, Olivia Gómez Tamayo, Tomás Blanco Montero, Andrés Garza Lara, Luis Gerardo Flores-López, Regina Contreras Fernández, Miriam Morán Ramos, Sofía Lambers, Tim T.
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title_sort	cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of mexican infants consuming different formulae
title_auth	A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae
abstract	Background Immaturities present at birth, such as in the gut microbiome and digestive, nervous, and immune system, resolve with time. Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7805), linked to https://trialsearch.who.int/, on 11/06/2019. © The Author(s) 2023
abstractGer	Background Immaturities present at birth, such as in the gut microbiome and digestive, nervous, and immune system, resolve with time. Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7805), linked to https://trialsearch.who.int/, on 11/06/2019. © The Author(s) 2023
abstract_unstemmed	Background Immaturities present at birth, such as in the gut microbiome and digestive, nervous, and immune system, resolve with time. Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7805), linked to https://trialsearch.who.int/, on 11/06/2019. © The Author(s) 2023
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title_short	A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae
url	https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04426-y
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author2	Hageman, Jeske H.J. Balcazar Muñoz, Olivia Gómez Tamayo, Tomás Blanco Montero, Andrés Garza Lara, Luis Gerardo Flores-López, Regina Contreras Fernández, Miriam Morán Ramos, Sofía Lambers, Tim T.
author2Str	Hageman, Jeske H.J. Balcazar Muñoz, Olivia Gómez Tamayo, Tomás Blanco Montero, Andrés Garza Lara, Luis Gerardo Flores-López, Regina Contreras Fernández, Miriam Morán Ramos, Sofía Lambers, Tim T.
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Nevertheless, this may result in mild digestive symptoms early in life, particularly in formula-fed infants. Formula composition and processing may impact this discomfort. This study therefore aimed to assess stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of healthy infants fed different formulae. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational trial was performed in Mexico between November 2019 and January 2022, where exclusively formula-fed infants (n = 342, aged 1–4 months) were studied in four groups based on their existing formula use. Feeding was continued per practice following label instructions. For 7 days, parents/caregivers were requested to record fecal characteristics, using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, and rate gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected to determine pH, dry matter content, and fecal calprotectin levels. Results Most infants had a soft/formed stool consistency, although odds for hard stools were different between groups. Gastrointestinal symptom scores revealed significant differences for burping and diarrhea, while other symptoms did not differ between groups. No significant differences between groups were found for stool frequency, dry matter content, and fecal pH. Although calprotectin was within the expected healthy ranges, significant differences among groups were seen. Furthermore, calprotectin significantly correlated with the severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms burping, flatulence, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Conclusions Differences in stool characteristics and specific differences in gastrointestinal symptoms were observed between different formula brand users. This may potentially be explained by the different composition and processing of the formulae, although there are multiple factors that influence the assessed outcomes. 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A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae

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