Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India
Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North d...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
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| Autor*in: |
Zimik, Horthing V. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2023 |
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| Anmerkung: |
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Environment, development and sustainability - [S.l.] : Proquest, 1999, 26(2023), 3 vom: 01. März, Seite 7947-7972 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:26 ; year:2023 ; number:3 ; day:01 ; month:03 ; pages:7947-7972 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z |
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| Katalog-ID: |
SPR054929385 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North districts of Sikkim during the wet and dry seasons. The integrated approach applied in this study includes pollution evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the intensity and source of pollution. The average concentrations of trace elements in the wet season in the order of their concentration are U < As < Li < Cu < Ba < Mn < Al < Zn < Fe and in the dry season are As < U < Li < Cu < Mn < Ba < Zn < Al < Fe, respectively. The distribution map of pollution evaluation indices, total coliform bacteria (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) indicate a significant spatial and temporal variation. Further, it is observed that 100% and 67% of the water samples were contaminated with E. coli in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The multivariate statistical techniques suggest that geogenic sources and anthropogenic activities via the municipal sewage systems have assimilated various contaminants which account for the concentration of heavy metals. The current distribution level of TC, TTC, E. coli, and trace elements such as Al, Fe, and Zn is of environmental and health concern which requires attention. It indicates that the region’s most dependable springs and stream water used for consumption are susceptible to contamination and therefore need treatment before consumption. | ||
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10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z doi (DE-627)SPR054929385 (SPR)s10668-023-03044-z-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Zimik, Horthing V. verfasserin aut Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North districts of Sikkim during the wet and dry seasons. The integrated approach applied in this study includes pollution evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the intensity and source of pollution. The average concentrations of trace elements in the wet season in the order of their concentration are U < As < Li < Cu < Ba < Mn < Al < Zn < Fe and in the dry season are As < U < Li < Cu < Mn < Ba < Zn < Al < Fe, respectively. The distribution map of pollution evaluation indices, total coliform bacteria (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) indicate a significant spatial and temporal variation. Further, it is observed that 100% and 67% of the water samples were contaminated with E. coli in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The multivariate statistical techniques suggest that geogenic sources and anthropogenic activities via the municipal sewage systems have assimilated various contaminants which account for the concentration of heavy metals. The current distribution level of TC, TTC, E. coli, and trace elements such as Al, Fe, and Zn is of environmental and health concern which requires attention. It indicates that the region’s most dependable springs and stream water used for consumption are susceptible to contamination and therefore need treatment before consumption. Multi-pathway analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution evaluation indices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multivariate statistical analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Misra, Anil Kumar (orcid)0000-0002-2678-2958 aut Ranjan, Rakesh Kr. aut Wanjari, Nishchal aut Basnett, Smriti aut Roy, Goshaidas aut Rai, Anirudra aut Sharma, Khushboo aut Keshare, Manish Kumar aut Dolui, Swapan aut Enthalten in Environment, development and sustainability [S.l.] : Proquest, 1999 26(2023), 3 vom: 01. März, Seite 7947-7972 (DE-627)320526984 (DE-600)2015291-7 1573-2975 nnns volume:26 year:2023 number:3 day:01 month:03 pages:7947-7972 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 26 2023 3 01 03 7947-7972 |
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10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z doi (DE-627)SPR054929385 (SPR)s10668-023-03044-z-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Zimik, Horthing V. verfasserin aut Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North districts of Sikkim during the wet and dry seasons. The integrated approach applied in this study includes pollution evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the intensity and source of pollution. The average concentrations of trace elements in the wet season in the order of their concentration are U < As < Li < Cu < Ba < Mn < Al < Zn < Fe and in the dry season are As < U < Li < Cu < Mn < Ba < Zn < Al < Fe, respectively. The distribution map of pollution evaluation indices, total coliform bacteria (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) indicate a significant spatial and temporal variation. Further, it is observed that 100% and 67% of the water samples were contaminated with E. coli in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The multivariate statistical techniques suggest that geogenic sources and anthropogenic activities via the municipal sewage systems have assimilated various contaminants which account for the concentration of heavy metals. The current distribution level of TC, TTC, E. coli, and trace elements such as Al, Fe, and Zn is of environmental and health concern which requires attention. It indicates that the region’s most dependable springs and stream water used for consumption are susceptible to contamination and therefore need treatment before consumption. Multi-pathway analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution evaluation indices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multivariate statistical analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Misra, Anil Kumar (orcid)0000-0002-2678-2958 aut Ranjan, Rakesh Kr. aut Wanjari, Nishchal aut Basnett, Smriti aut Roy, Goshaidas aut Rai, Anirudra aut Sharma, Khushboo aut Keshare, Manish Kumar aut Dolui, Swapan aut Enthalten in Environment, development and sustainability [S.l.] : Proquest, 1999 26(2023), 3 vom: 01. März, Seite 7947-7972 (DE-627)320526984 (DE-600)2015291-7 1573-2975 nnns volume:26 year:2023 number:3 day:01 month:03 pages:7947-7972 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 26 2023 3 01 03 7947-7972 |
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10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z doi (DE-627)SPR054929385 (SPR)s10668-023-03044-z-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Zimik, Horthing V. verfasserin aut Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North districts of Sikkim during the wet and dry seasons. The integrated approach applied in this study includes pollution evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the intensity and source of pollution. The average concentrations of trace elements in the wet season in the order of their concentration are U < As < Li < Cu < Ba < Mn < Al < Zn < Fe and in the dry season are As < U < Li < Cu < Mn < Ba < Zn < Al < Fe, respectively. The distribution map of pollution evaluation indices, total coliform bacteria (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) indicate a significant spatial and temporal variation. Further, it is observed that 100% and 67% of the water samples were contaminated with E. coli in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The multivariate statistical techniques suggest that geogenic sources and anthropogenic activities via the municipal sewage systems have assimilated various contaminants which account for the concentration of heavy metals. The current distribution level of TC, TTC, E. coli, and trace elements such as Al, Fe, and Zn is of environmental and health concern which requires attention. It indicates that the region’s most dependable springs and stream water used for consumption are susceptible to contamination and therefore need treatment before consumption. Multi-pathway analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution evaluation indices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multivariate statistical analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Misra, Anil Kumar (orcid)0000-0002-2678-2958 aut Ranjan, Rakesh Kr. aut Wanjari, Nishchal aut Basnett, Smriti aut Roy, Goshaidas aut Rai, Anirudra aut Sharma, Khushboo aut Keshare, Manish Kumar aut Dolui, Swapan aut Enthalten in Environment, development and sustainability [S.l.] : Proquest, 1999 26(2023), 3 vom: 01. März, Seite 7947-7972 (DE-627)320526984 (DE-600)2015291-7 1573-2975 nnns volume:26 year:2023 number:3 day:01 month:03 pages:7947-7972 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 26 2023 3 01 03 7947-7972 |
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10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z doi (DE-627)SPR054929385 (SPR)s10668-023-03044-z-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Zimik, Horthing V. verfasserin aut Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North districts of Sikkim during the wet and dry seasons. The integrated approach applied in this study includes pollution evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the intensity and source of pollution. The average concentrations of trace elements in the wet season in the order of their concentration are U < As < Li < Cu < Ba < Mn < Al < Zn < Fe and in the dry season are As < U < Li < Cu < Mn < Ba < Zn < Al < Fe, respectively. The distribution map of pollution evaluation indices, total coliform bacteria (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) indicate a significant spatial and temporal variation. Further, it is observed that 100% and 67% of the water samples were contaminated with E. coli in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The multivariate statistical techniques suggest that geogenic sources and anthropogenic activities via the municipal sewage systems have assimilated various contaminants which account for the concentration of heavy metals. The current distribution level of TC, TTC, E. coli, and trace elements such as Al, Fe, and Zn is of environmental and health concern which requires attention. It indicates that the region’s most dependable springs and stream water used for consumption are susceptible to contamination and therefore need treatment before consumption. Multi-pathway analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution evaluation indices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multivariate statistical analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Misra, Anil Kumar (orcid)0000-0002-2678-2958 aut Ranjan, Rakesh Kr. aut Wanjari, Nishchal aut Basnett, Smriti aut Roy, Goshaidas aut Rai, Anirudra aut Sharma, Khushboo aut Keshare, Manish Kumar aut Dolui, Swapan aut Enthalten in Environment, development and sustainability [S.l.] : Proquest, 1999 26(2023), 3 vom: 01. März, Seite 7947-7972 (DE-627)320526984 (DE-600)2015291-7 1573-2975 nnns volume:26 year:2023 number:3 day:01 month:03 pages:7947-7972 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 26 2023 3 01 03 7947-7972 |
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10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z doi (DE-627)SPR054929385 (SPR)s10668-023-03044-z-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Zimik, Horthing V. verfasserin aut Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North districts of Sikkim during the wet and dry seasons. The integrated approach applied in this study includes pollution evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the intensity and source of pollution. The average concentrations of trace elements in the wet season in the order of their concentration are U < As < Li < Cu < Ba < Mn < Al < Zn < Fe and in the dry season are As < U < Li < Cu < Mn < Ba < Zn < Al < Fe, respectively. The distribution map of pollution evaluation indices, total coliform bacteria (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) indicate a significant spatial and temporal variation. Further, it is observed that 100% and 67% of the water samples were contaminated with E. coli in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The multivariate statistical techniques suggest that geogenic sources and anthropogenic activities via the municipal sewage systems have assimilated various contaminants which account for the concentration of heavy metals. The current distribution level of TC, TTC, E. coli, and trace elements such as Al, Fe, and Zn is of environmental and health concern which requires attention. It indicates that the region’s most dependable springs and stream water used for consumption are susceptible to contamination and therefore need treatment before consumption. Multi-pathway analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution evaluation indices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multivariate statistical analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Misra, Anil Kumar (orcid)0000-0002-2678-2958 aut Ranjan, Rakesh Kr. aut Wanjari, Nishchal aut Basnett, Smriti aut Roy, Goshaidas aut Rai, Anirudra aut Sharma, Khushboo aut Keshare, Manish Kumar aut Dolui, Swapan aut Enthalten in Environment, development and sustainability [S.l.] : Proquest, 1999 26(2023), 3 vom: 01. März, Seite 7947-7972 (DE-627)320526984 (DE-600)2015291-7 1573-2975 nnns volume:26 year:2023 number:3 day:01 month:03 pages:7947-7972 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03044-z lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 26 2023 3 01 03 7947-7972 |
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Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North districts of Sikkim during the wet and dry seasons. The integrated approach applied in this study includes pollution evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the intensity and source of pollution. The average concentrations of trace elements in the wet season in the order of their concentration are U < As < Li < Cu < Ba < Mn < Al < Zn < Fe and in the dry season are As < U < Li < Cu < Mn < Ba < Zn < Al < Fe, respectively. The distribution map of pollution evaluation indices, total coliform bacteria (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) indicate a significant spatial and temporal variation. Further, it is observed that 100% and 67% of the water samples were contaminated with E. coli in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The multivariate statistical techniques suggest that geogenic sources and anthropogenic activities via the municipal sewage systems have assimilated various contaminants which account for the concentration of heavy metals. The current distribution level of TC, TTC, E. coli, and trace elements such as Al, Fe, and Zn is of environmental and health concern which requires attention. 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Zimik, Horthing V. |
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Zimik, Horthing V. misc Multi-pathway analysis misc Pollution evaluation indices misc Multivariate statistical analysis Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India |
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Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India Multi-pathway analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution evaluation indices (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multivariate statistical analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India |
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Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India |
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Zimik, Horthing V. Misra, Anil Kumar Ranjan, Rakesh Kr. Wanjari, Nishchal Basnett, Smriti Roy, Goshaidas Rai, Anirudra Sharma, Khushboo Keshare, Manish Kumar Dolui, Swapan |
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evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of west and north sikkim, india |
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Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India |
| abstract |
Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North districts of Sikkim during the wet and dry seasons. The integrated approach applied in this study includes pollution evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the intensity and source of pollution. The average concentrations of trace elements in the wet season in the order of their concentration are U < As < Li < Cu < Ba < Mn < Al < Zn < Fe and in the dry season are As < U < Li < Cu < Mn < Ba < Zn < Al < Fe, respectively. The distribution map of pollution evaluation indices, total coliform bacteria (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) indicate a significant spatial and temporal variation. Further, it is observed that 100% and 67% of the water samples were contaminated with E. coli in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The multivariate statistical techniques suggest that geogenic sources and anthropogenic activities via the municipal sewage systems have assimilated various contaminants which account for the concentration of heavy metals. The current distribution level of TC, TTC, E. coli, and trace elements such as Al, Fe, and Zn is of environmental and health concern which requires attention. It indicates that the region’s most dependable springs and stream water used for consumption are susceptible to contamination and therefore need treatment before consumption. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
| abstractGer |
Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North districts of Sikkim during the wet and dry seasons. The integrated approach applied in this study includes pollution evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the intensity and source of pollution. The average concentrations of trace elements in the wet season in the order of their concentration are U < As < Li < Cu < Ba < Mn < Al < Zn < Fe and in the dry season are As < U < Li < Cu < Mn < Ba < Zn < Al < Fe, respectively. The distribution map of pollution evaluation indices, total coliform bacteria (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) indicate a significant spatial and temporal variation. Further, it is observed that 100% and 67% of the water samples were contaminated with E. coli in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The multivariate statistical techniques suggest that geogenic sources and anthropogenic activities via the municipal sewage systems have assimilated various contaminants which account for the concentration of heavy metals. The current distribution level of TC, TTC, E. coli, and trace elements such as Al, Fe, and Zn is of environmental and health concern which requires attention. It indicates that the region’s most dependable springs and stream water used for consumption are susceptible to contamination and therefore need treatment before consumption. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract The present study investigates coliform bacteria contaminations and heavy metal pollution vulnerability of springs, rivers, and household water samples in the climatically and lithologically distinct segments of the Sikkim Himalaya. A total of 42 samples were collected from West and North districts of Sikkim during the wet and dry seasons. The integrated approach applied in this study includes pollution evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the intensity and source of pollution. The average concentrations of trace elements in the wet season in the order of their concentration are U < As < Li < Cu < Ba < Mn < Al < Zn < Fe and in the dry season are As < U < Li < Cu < Mn < Ba < Zn < Al < Fe, respectively. The distribution map of pollution evaluation indices, total coliform bacteria (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) indicate a significant spatial and temporal variation. Further, it is observed that 100% and 67% of the water samples were contaminated with E. coli in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The multivariate statistical techniques suggest that geogenic sources and anthropogenic activities via the municipal sewage systems have assimilated various contaminants which account for the concentration of heavy metals. The current distribution level of TC, TTC, E. coli, and trace elements such as Al, Fe, and Zn is of environmental and health concern which requires attention. It indicates that the region’s most dependable springs and stream water used for consumption are susceptible to contamination and therefore need treatment before consumption. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial contamination in various water resources of West and North Sikkim, India |
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Misra, Anil Kumar Ranjan, Rakesh Kr Wanjari, Nishchal Basnett, Smriti Roy, Goshaidas Rai, Anirudra Sharma, Khushboo Keshare, Manish Kumar Dolui, Swapan |
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Misra, Anil Kumar Ranjan, Rakesh Kr Wanjari, Nishchal Basnett, Smriti Roy, Goshaidas Rai, Anirudra Sharma, Khushboo Keshare, Manish Kumar Dolui, Swapan |
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| score |
7.400342 |