A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation.

Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for NF‐kappa B in close proximity to three binding sites for the constitutive transcription factor, Sp1. Previously, stimulation of the HIV enhancer in response to mitogens has been attributed to...
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Autor*in:	Perkins, N.D. [verfasserIn] Edwards, N.L. [verfasserIn] Duckett, C.S. [verfasserIn] Agranoff, A.B. [verfasserIn] Schmid, R.M. [verfasserIn] Nabel, G.J. [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	1993

Anmerkung:	© European Molecular Biology Organization 1993

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: The EMBO Journal - Nature Publishing Group UK, 2023, 12(1993), 9 vom: 01. Sept., Seite 3551-3558
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:12 ; year:1993 ; number:9 ; day:01 ; month:09 ; pages:3551-3558

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x

Katalog-ID:	SPR057599580

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245	1	0	\|a A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation.
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520			\|a Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for NF‐kappa B in close proximity to three binding sites for the constitutive transcription factor, Sp1. Previously, stimulation of the HIV enhancer in response to mitogens has been attributed to the binding of NF‐kappa B to the viral enhancer. In this report, we show that the binding of NF‐kappa B is not by itself sufficient to induce HIV gene expression. Instead, a protein‐protein interaction must occur between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 bound to an adjacent site. Cooperativity both in DNA binding and in transcriptional activation of NF‐kappa B and Sp1 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift gel analysis, DNase footprinting, chemical cross‐linking and transfection studies in vivo. With a heterologous promoter, we find that the interaction of NF‐kappa B with Sp1 is dependent on orientation and position, and is not observed with other elements, including GATA, CCAAT or octamer. An increase in the spacing between the kappa B and Sp1 elements virtually abolishes this functional interaction, which is not restored when these sites are brought back into the same helical position. Several other promoters regulated by NF‐kappa B also contain kappa B in proximity to Sp1 binding sites. These findings suggest that an interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for inducible HIV‐1 gene expression and may serve as a regulatory mechanism to activate specific viral and cellular genes.
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allfields	10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x doi (DE-627)SPR057599580 (SPR)j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Perkins, N.D. verfasserin aut A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation. 1993 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © European Molecular Biology Organization 1993 Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for NF‐kappa B in close proximity to three binding sites for the constitutive transcription factor, Sp1. Previously, stimulation of the HIV enhancer in response to mitogens has been attributed to the binding of NF‐kappa B to the viral enhancer. In this report, we show that the binding of NF‐kappa B is not by itself sufficient to induce HIV gene expression. Instead, a protein‐protein interaction must occur between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 bound to an adjacent site. Cooperativity both in DNA binding and in transcriptional activation of NF‐kappa B and Sp1 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift gel analysis, DNase footprinting, chemical cross‐linking and transfection studies in vivo. With a heterologous promoter, we find that the interaction of NF‐kappa B with Sp1 is dependent on orientation and position, and is not observed with other elements, including GATA, CCAAT or octamer. An increase in the spacing between the kappa B and Sp1 elements virtually abolishes this functional interaction, which is not restored when these sites are brought back into the same helical position. Several other promoters regulated by NF‐kappa B also contain kappa B in proximity to Sp1 binding sites. These findings suggest that an interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for inducible HIV‐1 gene expression and may serve as a regulatory mechanism to activate specific viral and cellular genes. Edwards, N.L. verfasserin aut Duckett, C.S. verfasserin aut Agranoff, A.B. verfasserin aut Schmid, R.M. verfasserin aut Nabel, G.J. verfasserin aut Enthalten in The EMBO Journal Nature Publishing Group UK, 2023 12(1993), 9 vom: 01. Sept., Seite 3551-3558 (DE-627)266022529 (DE-600)1467419-1 1460-2075 nnns volume:12 year:1993 number:9 day:01 month:09 pages:3551-3558 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x X:SPRINGER Resolving-System lizenzpflichtig Volltext SYSFLAG_0 GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_72 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 1993 9 01 09 3551-3558
spelling	10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x doi (DE-627)SPR057599580 (SPR)j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Perkins, N.D. verfasserin aut A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation. 1993 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © European Molecular Biology Organization 1993 Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for NF‐kappa B in close proximity to three binding sites for the constitutive transcription factor, Sp1. Previously, stimulation of the HIV enhancer in response to mitogens has been attributed to the binding of NF‐kappa B to the viral enhancer. In this report, we show that the binding of NF‐kappa B is not by itself sufficient to induce HIV gene expression. Instead, a protein‐protein interaction must occur between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 bound to an adjacent site. Cooperativity both in DNA binding and in transcriptional activation of NF‐kappa B and Sp1 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift gel analysis, DNase footprinting, chemical cross‐linking and transfection studies in vivo. With a heterologous promoter, we find that the interaction of NF‐kappa B with Sp1 is dependent on orientation and position, and is not observed with other elements, including GATA, CCAAT or octamer. An increase in the spacing between the kappa B and Sp1 elements virtually abolishes this functional interaction, which is not restored when these sites are brought back into the same helical position. Several other promoters regulated by NF‐kappa B also contain kappa B in proximity to Sp1 binding sites. These findings suggest that an interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for inducible HIV‐1 gene expression and may serve as a regulatory mechanism to activate specific viral and cellular genes. Edwards, N.L. verfasserin aut Duckett, C.S. verfasserin aut Agranoff, A.B. verfasserin aut Schmid, R.M. verfasserin aut Nabel, G.J. verfasserin aut Enthalten in The EMBO Journal Nature Publishing Group UK, 2023 12(1993), 9 vom: 01. Sept., Seite 3551-3558 (DE-627)266022529 (DE-600)1467419-1 1460-2075 nnns volume:12 year:1993 number:9 day:01 month:09 pages:3551-3558 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x X:SPRINGER Resolving-System lizenzpflichtig Volltext SYSFLAG_0 GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_72 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 1993 9 01 09 3551-3558
allfields_unstemmed	10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x doi (DE-627)SPR057599580 (SPR)j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Perkins, N.D. verfasserin aut A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation. 1993 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © European Molecular Biology Organization 1993 Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for NF‐kappa B in close proximity to three binding sites for the constitutive transcription factor, Sp1. Previously, stimulation of the HIV enhancer in response to mitogens has been attributed to the binding of NF‐kappa B to the viral enhancer. In this report, we show that the binding of NF‐kappa B is not by itself sufficient to induce HIV gene expression. Instead, a protein‐protein interaction must occur between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 bound to an adjacent site. Cooperativity both in DNA binding and in transcriptional activation of NF‐kappa B and Sp1 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift gel analysis, DNase footprinting, chemical cross‐linking and transfection studies in vivo. With a heterologous promoter, we find that the interaction of NF‐kappa B with Sp1 is dependent on orientation and position, and is not observed with other elements, including GATA, CCAAT or octamer. An increase in the spacing between the kappa B and Sp1 elements virtually abolishes this functional interaction, which is not restored when these sites are brought back into the same helical position. Several other promoters regulated by NF‐kappa B also contain kappa B in proximity to Sp1 binding sites. These findings suggest that an interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for inducible HIV‐1 gene expression and may serve as a regulatory mechanism to activate specific viral and cellular genes. Edwards, N.L. verfasserin aut Duckett, C.S. verfasserin aut Agranoff, A.B. verfasserin aut Schmid, R.M. verfasserin aut Nabel, G.J. verfasserin aut Enthalten in The EMBO Journal Nature Publishing Group UK, 2023 12(1993), 9 vom: 01. Sept., Seite 3551-3558 (DE-627)266022529 (DE-600)1467419-1 1460-2075 nnns volume:12 year:1993 number:9 day:01 month:09 pages:3551-3558 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x X:SPRINGER Resolving-System lizenzpflichtig Volltext SYSFLAG_0 GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_72 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 1993 9 01 09 3551-3558
allfieldsGer	10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x doi (DE-627)SPR057599580 (SPR)j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Perkins, N.D. verfasserin aut A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation. 1993 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © European Molecular Biology Organization 1993 Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for NF‐kappa B in close proximity to three binding sites for the constitutive transcription factor, Sp1. Previously, stimulation of the HIV enhancer in response to mitogens has been attributed to the binding of NF‐kappa B to the viral enhancer. In this report, we show that the binding of NF‐kappa B is not by itself sufficient to induce HIV gene expression. Instead, a protein‐protein interaction must occur between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 bound to an adjacent site. Cooperativity both in DNA binding and in transcriptional activation of NF‐kappa B and Sp1 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift gel analysis, DNase footprinting, chemical cross‐linking and transfection studies in vivo. With a heterologous promoter, we find that the interaction of NF‐kappa B with Sp1 is dependent on orientation and position, and is not observed with other elements, including GATA, CCAAT or octamer. An increase in the spacing between the kappa B and Sp1 elements virtually abolishes this functional interaction, which is not restored when these sites are brought back into the same helical position. Several other promoters regulated by NF‐kappa B also contain kappa B in proximity to Sp1 binding sites. These findings suggest that an interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for inducible HIV‐1 gene expression and may serve as a regulatory mechanism to activate specific viral and cellular genes. Edwards, N.L. verfasserin aut Duckett, C.S. verfasserin aut Agranoff, A.B. verfasserin aut Schmid, R.M. verfasserin aut Nabel, G.J. verfasserin aut Enthalten in The EMBO Journal Nature Publishing Group UK, 2023 12(1993), 9 vom: 01. Sept., Seite 3551-3558 (DE-627)266022529 (DE-600)1467419-1 1460-2075 nnns volume:12 year:1993 number:9 day:01 month:09 pages:3551-3558 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x X:SPRINGER Resolving-System lizenzpflichtig Volltext SYSFLAG_0 GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_72 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 1993 9 01 09 3551-3558
allfieldsSound	10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x doi (DE-627)SPR057599580 (SPR)j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Perkins, N.D. verfasserin aut A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation. 1993 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © European Molecular Biology Organization 1993 Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for NF‐kappa B in close proximity to three binding sites for the constitutive transcription factor, Sp1. Previously, stimulation of the HIV enhancer in response to mitogens has been attributed to the binding of NF‐kappa B to the viral enhancer. In this report, we show that the binding of NF‐kappa B is not by itself sufficient to induce HIV gene expression. Instead, a protein‐protein interaction must occur between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 bound to an adjacent site. Cooperativity both in DNA binding and in transcriptional activation of NF‐kappa B and Sp1 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift gel analysis, DNase footprinting, chemical cross‐linking and transfection studies in vivo. With a heterologous promoter, we find that the interaction of NF‐kappa B with Sp1 is dependent on orientation and position, and is not observed with other elements, including GATA, CCAAT or octamer. An increase in the spacing between the kappa B and Sp1 elements virtually abolishes this functional interaction, which is not restored when these sites are brought back into the same helical position. Several other promoters regulated by NF‐kappa B also contain kappa B in proximity to Sp1 binding sites. These findings suggest that an interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for inducible HIV‐1 gene expression and may serve as a regulatory mechanism to activate specific viral and cellular genes. Edwards, N.L. verfasserin aut Duckett, C.S. verfasserin aut Agranoff, A.B. verfasserin aut Schmid, R.M. verfasserin aut Nabel, G.J. verfasserin aut Enthalten in The EMBO Journal Nature Publishing Group UK, 2023 12(1993), 9 vom: 01. Sept., Seite 3551-3558 (DE-627)266022529 (DE-600)1467419-1 1460-2075 nnns volume:12 year:1993 number:9 day:01 month:09 pages:3551-3558 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x X:SPRINGER Resolving-System lizenzpflichtig Volltext SYSFLAG_0 GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_72 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 1993 9 01 09 3551-3558
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author	Perkins, N.D.
spellingShingle	Perkins, N.D. A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation.
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topic_title	A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation
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title	A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation.
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title_full	A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation
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author_browse	Perkins, N.D. Edwards, N.L. Duckett, C.S. Agranoff, A.B. Schmid, R.M. Nabel, G.J.
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title_sort	a cooperative interaction between nf‐kappa b and sp1 is required for hiv‐1 enhancer activation
title_auth	A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation.
abstract	Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for NF‐kappa B in close proximity to three binding sites for the constitutive transcription factor, Sp1. Previously, stimulation of the HIV enhancer in response to mitogens has been attributed to the binding of NF‐kappa B to the viral enhancer. In this report, we show that the binding of NF‐kappa B is not by itself sufficient to induce HIV gene expression. Instead, a protein‐protein interaction must occur between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 bound to an adjacent site. Cooperativity both in DNA binding and in transcriptional activation of NF‐kappa B and Sp1 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift gel analysis, DNase footprinting, chemical cross‐linking and transfection studies in vivo. With a heterologous promoter, we find that the interaction of NF‐kappa B with Sp1 is dependent on orientation and position, and is not observed with other elements, including GATA, CCAAT or octamer. An increase in the spacing between the kappa B and Sp1 elements virtually abolishes this functional interaction, which is not restored when these sites are brought back into the same helical position. Several other promoters regulated by NF‐kappa B also contain kappa B in proximity to Sp1 binding sites. These findings suggest that an interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for inducible HIV‐1 gene expression and may serve as a regulatory mechanism to activate specific viral and cellular genes. © European Molecular Biology Organization 1993
abstractGer	Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for NF‐kappa B in close proximity to three binding sites for the constitutive transcription factor, Sp1. Previously, stimulation of the HIV enhancer in response to mitogens has been attributed to the binding of NF‐kappa B to the viral enhancer. In this report, we show that the binding of NF‐kappa B is not by itself sufficient to induce HIV gene expression. Instead, a protein‐protein interaction must occur between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 bound to an adjacent site. Cooperativity both in DNA binding and in transcriptional activation of NF‐kappa B and Sp1 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift gel analysis, DNase footprinting, chemical cross‐linking and transfection studies in vivo. With a heterologous promoter, we find that the interaction of NF‐kappa B with Sp1 is dependent on orientation and position, and is not observed with other elements, including GATA, CCAAT or octamer. An increase in the spacing between the kappa B and Sp1 elements virtually abolishes this functional interaction, which is not restored when these sites are brought back into the same helical position. Several other promoters regulated by NF‐kappa B also contain kappa B in proximity to Sp1 binding sites. These findings suggest that an interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for inducible HIV‐1 gene expression and may serve as a regulatory mechanism to activate specific viral and cellular genes. © European Molecular Biology Organization 1993
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two binding sites for NF‐kappa B in close proximity to three binding sites for the constitutive transcription factor, Sp1. Previously, stimulation of the HIV enhancer in response to mitogens has been attributed to the binding of NF‐kappa B to the viral enhancer. In this report, we show that the binding of NF‐kappa B is not by itself sufficient to induce HIV gene expression. Instead, a protein‐protein interaction must occur between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 bound to an adjacent site. Cooperativity both in DNA binding and in transcriptional activation of NF‐kappa B and Sp1 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift gel analysis, DNase footprinting, chemical cross‐linking and transfection studies in vivo. With a heterologous promoter, we find that the interaction of NF‐kappa B with Sp1 is dependent on orientation and position, and is not observed with other elements, including GATA, CCAAT or octamer. An increase in the spacing between the kappa B and Sp1 elements virtually abolishes this functional interaction, which is not restored when these sites are brought back into the same helical position. Several other promoters regulated by NF‐kappa B also contain kappa B in proximity to Sp1 binding sites. These findings suggest that an interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for inducible HIV‐1 gene expression and may serve as a regulatory mechanism to activate specific viral and cellular genes. © European Molecular Biology Organization 1993
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title_short	A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation.
url	https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x
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author2	Edwards, N.L. Duckett, C.S. Agranoff, A.B. Schmid, R.M. Nabel, G.J.
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A cooperative interaction between NF‐kappa B and Sp1 is required for HIV‐1 enhancer activation.

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